Urothelial carcinoma in situ

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Urothelial carcinoma in situ
Diagnosis in short

Urothelial carcinoma in situ. H&E stain.
Synonyms urothelial cell carcinoma in situ, high-grade dysplasia
LM nuclear changes (enlargement of nuclei (often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes), nuclear pleomorphism - marked variation in size of nuclei), +/-disordered arrangement/crowding of cells, +/-mitoses, +/-enlarged nucleoli
LM DDx urothelial carcinoma, urothelial dysplasia, urothelial atypia of unknown significance
IHC CK20 +ve (full thickness), Ki-67 high, p53 +ve, CD44 -ve, CK7 +ve
Site urothelium - urinary bladder, ureter, renal pelvis, prostatic urethra
Signs +/-hematuria
Prevalence relatively uncommon
Endoscopy erythema or edema, may be unremarkable
Clin. DDx invasive (flat) urothelial carcinoma, inflammation (cystitis)

Urothelial carcinoma in situ, also known as high-grade (urothelial) dysplasia, a non-invasive urothelial neoplasm without papillae.

It is also known as carcinoma in situ (abbreviated CIS) and urothelial cell carcinoma in situ (abbreviated UCC in situ). Urothelial carcinoma in situ may be abbreviated UCIS.

General

  • Lack papillae.
  • Uncommon in relation to other urothelial lesions.
    • Less common than invasive flat urothelial carcinoma ~3-4x more common than UCIS.[1]

Classification of flat urothelial lesions

The World Health Organization classification is:[2]

  • Reactive urothelial atypia.
  • Flat urothelial hyperplasia.
  • Urothelial atypia of unknown significance.
  • Urothelial dysplasia (low-grade dysplasia).
  • Urothelial carcinoma in situ (high-grade dysplasia).
  • Invasive urothelial carcinoma.

Gross

  • Flat lesion - erythema or edema, may be unremarkable.[3]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Nuclear changes key feature.
    • Enlargement of nuclei (often 4-5x the size of stromal lymphocytes) -- diagnostic.[4]
      • Normal urothelium approx. 2x the size of stromal lymphocytes.
    • Nuclear pleomorphism - marked variation in size of nuclei.
  • +/-Disordered arrangement/crowding of cells.
    • In normal urothelium the cell line-up on the basement membrane.
  • Umbrella cells often absent.
  • +/-Mitoses present.
  • +/-Enlarged nucleoli.

Note:

  • The urothelium may be "depleted", i.e. exist only of rare large cells on the basement membrane.
    • This is known as clinging urothelial carcinoma in situ.[5]

DDx:

Images

  • UCIS - intermed. mag.

  • UCIS - high mag.

  • UCIS - high mag.

  • UCIS - very high mag.

www:

IHC

ISUP consensus panel:[6]

  • CK20 +ve in deep cells.
    • Normal urothelium -- only the umbrella cells.
  • p53 +ve.
  • CD44 -ve.
    • Positive in indeterminant and negative.

Another panel

Another panel for benign urothelium versus CIS:[7]

  • CK20 +ve in deep cells (23/26 cases).
    • Normal urothelium -- only the umbrella cells.
  • Ki-67 ~50% of cells - deep and superficial.
    • Normal ~10% of cells, confined to basal aspect.
  • CD44 -ve.[8]
    • Positive in indeterminant and negative.

Images

  • UCIS - CK20 - intermed. mag.

  • UCIS - CK20 - high mag.

  • UCIS - CK20 - very high mag.

  • Benign urothelium - CK20 - high mag.

  • UCIS - Ki-67 - intermed. mag.

  • UCIS - Ki-67 - high mag.

  • UCIS - Ki-67 - very high mag.

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URINARY BLADDER LESION ("TUMOUR"), TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION URINARY BLADDER TUMOUR (TURBT): 
- UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA IN SITU.
- BENIGN MUSCULARIS PROPRIA PRESENT.

URINARY BLADDER, RANDOM BIOPSIES:
- UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA IN SITU, SEE COMMENT.
-- NO EVIDENCE OF LAMINA PROPRIA INVASION.
- CHRONIC INFLAMMATION, MILD.
- BENIGN MUSCULARIS PROPRIA PRESENT.

COMMENT:
A CK20 immunostain marks the full thickness of the urothelium in atypical areas. A p53
immunostain moderately marks up to 20% of atypical cells focally.  A Ki-67 immunostain
marks 20-50% of the cells in the atypical areas.

Micro

The sections show multiple fragments of urothelium with nuclear hyperchromasia, nuclear crowding, mild-to-moderate nuclear enlargement, several atypical mitoses, and lack of maturation to the surface. There is no evidence of invasion. Benign muscularis propria is present.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Nielsen, ME.; Smith, AB.; Meyer, AM.; Kuo, TM.; Tyree, S.; Kim, WY.; Milowsky, MI.; Pruthi, RS. et al. (Jan 2014). "Trends in stage-specific incidence rates for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in the United States: 1988 to 2006.". Cancer 120 (1): 86-95. doi:10.1002/cncr.28397. PMID 24122346.
  2. ↑ Hodges, KB.; Lopez-Beltran, A.; Davidson, DD.; Montironi, R.; Cheng, L. (Feb 2010). "Urothelial dysplasia and other flat lesions of the urinary bladder: clinicopathologic and molecular features.". Hum Pathol 41 (2): 155-62. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.07.002. PMID 19762067.
  3. ↑ Nese, N.; Gupta, R.; Bui, MH.; Amin, MB. (Jan 2009). "Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: review of clinicopathologic characteristics with an emphasis on aspects related to molecular diagnostic techniques and prognosis.". J Natl Compr Canc Netw 7 (1): 48-57. PMID 19176205.
  4. ↑ Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 161. ISBN 978-0443066771.
  5. ↑ Amin, Mahul B. (2010). Diagnostic Pathology: Genitourinary (1st ed.). Amirsys. pp. 2-55. ISBN 978-1931884280.
  6. ↑ Amin MB, Epstein JI, Ulbright TM, et al. (August 2014). "Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in urologic pathology: report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (8): 1017–22. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000254. PMID 25025364.
  7. ↑ Yin, H.; He, Q.; Li, T.; Leong, AS. (Sep 2006). "Cytokeratin 20 and Ki-67 to distinguish carcinoma in situ from flat non-neoplastic urothelium.". Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 14 (3): 260-5. PMID 16932015.
  8. ↑ Aron, M.; Luthringer, DJ.; McKenney, JK.; Hansel, DE.; Westfall, DE.; Parakh, R.; Mohanty, SK.; Balzer, B. et al. (Dec 2013). "Utility of a triple antibody cocktail intraurothelial neoplasm-3 (IUN-3-CK20/CD44s/p53) and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) in the distinction of urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) and reactive urothelial atypia.". Am J Surg Pathol 37 (12): 1815-23. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000114. PMID 24225842.
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