Difference between revisions of "Yolk sac tumour"
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| LMDDx = [[embryonal carcinoma]], [[mixed germ cell tumour]] | | LMDDx = [[embryonal carcinoma]], [[mixed germ cell tumour]] | ||
| Stains = | | Stains = | ||
| IHC = [[AFP]] +ve, [[glypican 3]] +ve, OCT3 -ve, [[CK19]] +ve | | IHC = [[AFP]] +ve, [[glypican 3]] +ve, OCT3 -ve, [[CK19]] +ve, AE1/AE3 +ve | ||
| EM = | | EM = | ||
| Molecular = | | Molecular = | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
| Gross = white/yellow mucinous infiltrative mass | | Gross = white/yellow mucinous infiltrative mass | ||
| Grossing = [[orchiectomy grossing]] | | Grossing = [[orchiectomy grossing]] | ||
| Staging = [[testicular cancer staging]] | |||
| Site = [[testis]], other | | Site = [[testis]], other | ||
| Assdx = | | Assdx = | ||
| Line 81: | Line 82: | ||
DDx: | DDx: | ||
*[[Embryonal carcinoma]]. | *[[Embryonal carcinoma]] - more [[nuclear atypia]], nuclei usually overlap and classically vesicular. | ||
*[[Mixed germ cell tumour]]. | *[[Mixed germ cell tumour]]. | ||
| Line 95: | Line 96: | ||
Image: Yolk sac tumour with hyaline bodies -- high mag.jpg | YST with hyaline bodies - high mag. (WC) | Image: Yolk sac tumour with hyaline bodies -- high mag.jpg | YST with hyaline bodies - high mag. (WC) | ||
Image: Yolk sac tumour with hyaline bodies -- very high mag.jpg | YST with hyaline bodies - very high mag. (WC) | Image: Yolk sac tumour with hyaline bodies -- very high mag.jpg | YST with hyaline bodies - very high mag. (WC) | ||
</gallery> | |||
====Case 3==== | |||
<gallery> | |||
Image: Yolk sac tumour -- low mag.jpg | YST - low mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Yolk sac tumour -- intermed mag.jpg | YST - intermed. mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Yolk sac tumour -- high mag.jpg | YST - high mag. (WC) | |||
Image: Yolk sac tumour -- very high mag.jpg | YST - very high mag. (WC) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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*[[Glypican 3]] +ve. | *[[Glypican 3]] +ve. | ||
**More sensitive than AFP.<ref name=pmid20438407>{{Cite journal | last1 = Emerson | first1 = RE. | last2 = Ulbright | first2 = TM. | title = Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis and its associated cancers: the use of novel biomarkers. | journal = Pathology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 344-55 | month = Jun | year = 2010 | doi = 10.3109/00313021003767355 | PMID = 20438407 }}</ref> | **More sensitive than AFP.<ref name=pmid20438407>{{Cite journal | last1 = Emerson | first1 = RE. | last2 = Ulbright | first2 = TM. | title = Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis and its associated cancers: the use of novel biomarkers. | journal = Pathology | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 344-55 | month = Jun | year = 2010 | doi = 10.3109/00313021003767355 | PMID = 20438407 }}</ref> | ||
*CD117 +ve (~60% +ve in a series of 52 solid YSTs<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Kao CS, Idrees MT, Young RH, Ulbright TM |title=Solid pattern yolk sac tumor: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 52 cases |journal=Am J Surg Pathol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=360–7 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22261704 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e31823c510b |url=}}</ref>). | |||
Others: | Others: | ||
| Line 122: | Line 132: | ||
*Alpha-1-antitrypsin +ve (abbreviated A1A).<ref name=pmid89123>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beilby | first1 = JO. | last2 = Horne | first2 = CH. | last3 = Milne | first3 = GD. | last4 = Parkinson | first4 = C. | title = Alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin in gonadal yolk-sac tumours. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 455-61 | month = May | year = 1979 | doi = | PMID = 89123 }}</ref> | *Alpha-1-antitrypsin +ve (abbreviated A1A).<ref name=pmid89123>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beilby | first1 = JO. | last2 = Horne | first2 = CH. | last3 = Milne | first3 = GD. | last4 = Parkinson | first4 = C. | title = Alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin in gonadal yolk-sac tumours. | journal = J Clin Pathol | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 455-61 | month = May | year = 1979 | doi = | PMID = 89123 }}</ref> | ||
*[[CDX2]] +ve in 8 of 20 cases with YST (versus glypican-3).<ref name=pmid19578052>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Pasha | first2 = T. | last3 = Tomaszewski | first3 = JE. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = P. | title = CDX2 expression in yolk sac component of testicular germ cell tumors. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 373-7 | month = Oct | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1177/1066896909338598 | PMID = 19578052 }}</ref> | *[[CDX2]] +ve in 8 of 20 cases with YST (versus glypican-3).<ref name=pmid19578052>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bing | first1 = Z. | last2 = Pasha | first2 = T. | last3 = Tomaszewski | first3 = JE. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = P. | title = CDX2 expression in yolk sac component of testicular germ cell tumors. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 373-7 | month = Oct | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1177/1066896909338598 | PMID = 19578052 }}</ref> | ||
*SOX2 -ve (0 of 17<ref name=pmid19369635>{{cite journal |authors=Nonaka D |title=Differential expression of SOX2 and SOX17 in testicular germ cell tumors |journal=Am J Clin Pathol |volume=131 |issue=5 |pages=731–6 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19369635 |doi=10.1309/AJCP7MNCNBCRN8NO |url=}}</ref>). | |||
*SOX17 +ve (17 of 17 cases<ref name=pmid19369635/>). | |||
A panel: | |||
*SALL4 +ve, AE1/AE3 +ve, CD30 -ve, glypican-3 +ve. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:18, 30 April 2024
| Yolk sac tumour | |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis in short | |
 Yolk sac tumour. H&E stain. | |
|
| |
| LM | Schiller-Duval bodies (glomerulerus-like structures), variable architecture - usually reticular or microcystic |
| LM DDx | embryonal carcinoma, mixed germ cell tumour |
| IHC | AFP +ve, glypican 3 +ve, OCT3 -ve, CK19 +ve, AE1/AE3 +ve |
| Gross | white/yellow mucinous infiltrative mass |
| Grossing notes | orchiectomy grossing |
| Staging | testicular cancer staging |
| Site | testis, other |
|
| |
| Prevalence | rare |
| Blood work | alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) elevated |
| Prognosis | poor |
| Clin. DDx | other germ cell tumours |
Yolk sac tumour is an uncommon germ cell tumour that primarily afflicts infants and young boys.
It may be seen as part of mixed germ cell tumour. It is abbreviated YST.
It may be referred to as endodermal sinus tumour.
General
- Rare in pure form.
- Aggressive - especially extragonadal tumours.[1]
Epidemiology:
- Most common GCT in infants and young boys.
- Bimodal age distribution:[1]
- <4 years.
- 10-30 years.
Clinical:
- Elevated AFP.
Gross
- White/yellow mucinous infiltrative mass.[2]
Microscopic
Classic feature:[2]
- Schiller-Duval bodies.
- Look like glomerulus - central blood vessel surrounded by epithelial-like cells a space and more epithelial-like cells
- Architecure - variable.
- Reticular - most common according to WMSP.[3]
- Microcystic.
- Lace-like pattern.
- Endodermal sinus-like - has Schiller-Duval bodies.
- Solid.
- Papillary.
- Glandular.
- Alveolar.
- Enteric.
- Polyvesicular vitelline.
- Hepatoid.
- +/-Eosinophilic hyaline globules (contain alpha-fetoprotein).
Notes:
- Has a loose stroma/vaguely discohesive -- unlike embryonal carcinoma.
- How to remember patterns REMember PlS GAP EH (or REM PS GAPEH) = reticular, endodermal sinus, microcystic, papillary, solid, glandular, alveolar, polyvesicular vitelline, enteric, hepatoid.
- Yolk sac tumours in adults are essentially always a component of a mixed germ cell tumour, i.e. if one sees a pure yolk sac tumour in an adult, it is probably under sampled.[4]
Variants:
- Hepatoid pattern.[5]
- Vaguely resembles liver.
- Hyaline globules (light red well-circumscribed globs).
- Bile canaculi.
- Vaguely resembles liver.
- Solid pattern.[6]
- Vaguely resembles seminoma.
DDx:
- Embryonal carcinoma - more nuclear atypia, nuclei usually overlap and classically vesicular.
- Mixed germ cell tumour.
Images
Case 1
Yolk sac tumour. (WC/Nephron)
Case 2
YST with hyaline bodies - intermed. mag. (WC)
YST with hyaline bodies - high mag. (WC)
YST with hyaline bodies - very high mag. (WC)
Case 3
YST - low mag. (WC)
YST - intermed. mag. (WC)
YST - high mag. (WC)
YST - very high mag. (WC)
www images
- Hepatoid Pattern (webpathology.com).
- Schiller-Duval body (webpathology.com).
- Hyaline globules (webpathology.com).
- Yolk sac tumour - case 1 - several images (upmc.edu).
- Yolk sac tumour - case 2 - several images (upmc.edu).
- Testicular germ cell tumours (moffitt.org).[7]
IHC
ISUP consensus paper by Ulbright et al.:[8]
- OCT3 -ve.
- Positive in seminoma and embryonal carcinoma.
- Alpha-fetoprotein (abbreviated AFP) +ve.
- Glypican 3 +ve.
- More sensitive than AFP.[9]
- CD117 +ve (~60% +ve in a series of 52 solid YSTs[10]).
Others:
- CK19 +ve.[11]
- Seminoma -ve, embryonal carcinoma -ve, GCNIS (ITGCN) -ve, normal testis -ve.
- Cytokeratin +ve.[citation needed]
- CD30 -ve.
- Positive in embryonal carcinoma.[12]
- OCT3/4 -ve.
- Alpha-1-antitrypsin +ve (abbreviated A1A).[13]
- CDX2 +ve in 8 of 20 cases with YST (versus glypican-3).[14]
- SOX2 -ve (0 of 17[15]).
- SOX17 +ve (17 of 17 cases[15]).
A panel:
- SALL4 +ve, AE1/AE3 +ve, CD30 -ve, glypican-3 +ve.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shah, JP.; Kumar, S.; Bryant, CS.; Ali-Fehmi, R.; Malone, JM.; Deppe, G.; Morris, RT. (Dec 2008). "A population-based analysis of 788 cases of yolk sac tumors: A comparison of males and females.". Int J Cancer 123 (11): 2671-5. doi:10.1002/ijc.23792. PMID 18767035.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 510. ISBN 978-1416054542.
- ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 369. ISBN 978-0781765275.
- ↑ Talerman, A. (Jul 1975). "The incidence of yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) elements in germ cell tumors of the testis in adults.". Cancer 36 (1): 211-5. PMID 1203848.
- ↑ URL: http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=34&n=6. Accessed on: March 8, 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=34&n=8. Accessed on: March 8, 2010.
- ↑ Sesterhenn, IA.; Davis, CJ.. "Pathology of germ cell tumors of the testis.". Cancer Control 11 (6): 374-87. PMID 15625525.
- ↑ Ulbright TM, Tickoo SK, Berney DM, Srigley JR (August 2014). "Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors: report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (8): e50–9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000233. PMID 24832161.
- ↑ Emerson, RE.; Ulbright, TM. (Jun 2010). "Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis and its associated cancers: the use of novel biomarkers.". Pathology 42 (4): 344-55. doi:10.3109/00313021003767355. PMID 20438407.
- ↑ Kao CS, Idrees MT, Young RH, Ulbright TM (March 2012). "Solid pattern yolk sac tumor: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of 52 cases". Am J Surg Pathol 36 (3): 360–7. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31823c510b. PMID 22261704.
- ↑ Bremmer, F.; Ströbel, P.; Hubertus, H.; Strecker, J.; Gaisa, N.; Strauß, A.; Schweyer, S.; Radzun, H-J. et al. (2015). [www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/10/1/7Cached "CK19 is a sensitive marker for yolk sac tumours of the testis."]. Diagnostic Pathology 10 (7). doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0243-y. www.diagnosticpathology.org/content/10/1/7Cached.
- ↑ Gopalan, A.; Dhall, D.; Olgac, S.; Fine, SW.; Korkola, JE.; Houldsworth, J.; Chaganti, RS.; Bosl, GJ. et al. (Aug 2009). "Testicular mixed germ cell tumors: a morphological and immunohistochemical study using stem cell markers, OCT3/4, SOX2 and GDF3, with emphasis on morphologically difficult-to-classify areas.". Mod Pathol 22 (8): 1066-74. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2009.66. PMID 19396148.
- ↑ Beilby, JO.; Horne, CH.; Milne, GD.; Parkinson, C. (May 1979). "Alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin in gonadal yolk-sac tumours.". J Clin Pathol 32 (5): 455-61. PMID 89123.
- ↑ Bing, Z.; Pasha, T.; Tomaszewski, JE.; Zhang, P. (Oct 2009). "CDX2 expression in yolk sac component of testicular germ cell tumors.". Int J Surg Pathol 17 (5): 373-7. doi:10.1177/1066896909338598. PMID 19578052.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nonaka D (May 2009). "Differential expression of SOX2 and SOX17 in testicular germ cell tumors". Am J Clin Pathol 131 (5): 731–6. doi:10.1309/AJCP7MNCNBCRN8NO. PMID 19369635.