Difference between revisions of "Salivary glands"

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The '''salivary glands''' help digest food.  ENT surgeons take 'em out and want you to diagnose 'em. Cytopathology of the salivary glands is covered in the ''[[Head and neck cytopathology]]'' article.
[[Image:Blausen_0780_SalivaryGlands.png|thumb|300px|Schematic showing the major salivary glands. (WC)]]
The '''salivary glands''' help digest food.  ENT surgeons excise them if a malignancy is suspected.  


=Normal=
The [[cytopathology]] of the salivary glands is covered in the ''[[Head and neck cytopathology]]'' article.
 
=Normal salivary glands=
==Types of salivary glands==
==Types of salivary glands==
Types of glands:<ref>[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Oral/oral.htm#LABSALIVA http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Oral/oral.htm#LABSALIVA]</ref>
Types of glands:<ref>[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Oral/oral.htm#LABSALIVA http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Oral/oral.htm#LABSALIVA]</ref>
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#**Serous ~90% of gland.
#**Serous ~90% of gland.
#**Mucinous ~10% of gland.
#**Mucinous ~10% of gland.
#*Serous demilunes = mucinous gland with "cap" consisting of a serous glandular component.
#**Demilune = crescent.<ref>URL: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/demilune http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/demilune]. Accessed on: 19 August 2011.</ref>
#**Image: [http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/histo_course/demilunes.jpg Serous demilunes (duke.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/pth225.html http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/pth225.html]. Accessed on: 19 August 2011.</ref>
# Sublingual:
# Sublingual:
#*Mucinous glands.
#*Mucinous glands.
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==Benign tumours==
==Benign tumours==
'''Tabular form - adapted from Thompson<ref>{{Ref HaNP|295-319}}</ref>'''
'''Tabular form - adapted from Thompson<ref>{{Ref HaNP|295-319}}</ref>'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|
! Entity
| '''Architecture'''
! Architecture
| '''Morphology'''
! Morphology
| '''Cell borders'''
! Cell borders
| '''Cytoplasm'''
! Cytoplasm
| '''Nucleus'''
! Nucleus  
| '''DDx'''
! DDx
| '''Other'''
! Other
| '''Image'''
! Image
|-
|-
|Pleomorphic adenoma
|[[Pleomorphic adenoma]]
| var.
| var.
| '''mixed pop.'''; must include: (1) myoepithelium, (2) epithelium (ductal cells), (3) chondromyxoid stroma 
| '''mixed pop.'''; must include: (1) myoepithelium, (2) mesenchymal stroma, and (3) epithelium (ductal cells) ''or'' [[chondromyxoid stroma]]
| var.
| var.
| var.
| var.
| (1) plasmacytoid
| (1) plasmacytoid
| adenoid cystic c.
| [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]]
| occ. encapsulated, <br>mixed pop. of glandular, <br>myoepithelial and mesenchymal cells
| occ. encapsulated, <br>mixed pop. of glandular, <br>myoepithelial and mesenchymal cells
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pleomorphic_adenoma_(1)_parotid_gland.jpg]
| [[Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_(1)_parotid_gland.jpg | thumb | center |150px| PA. (WP)]]
|-
|-
|Warthin tumour
|[[Warthin tumour]]
| papillary, <br>'''bilayer'''  
| papillary, <br>'''bilayer'''  
| cuboid (basal), columnar (apical)  
| cuboid (basal), columnar (apical)  
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| '''eosinophilic, abundant'''  
| '''eosinophilic, abundant'''  
| unremarkable  
| unremarkable  
| sebaceous lymphadenoma  
| [[sebaceous lymphadenoma]]
| AKA ''papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum''
| AKA ''papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum''
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum2.jpg], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum3.jpg]  
| [[Image:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum2.jpg| thumb| center | 150px| PCL. (WP/Nephron)]]
|-
|-
|Basal cell adenoma
|[[Basal cell adenoma]]
| var., '''islands surrounded'''<br>'''by hyaline bands'''
| var., '''islands surrounded'''<br>'''by hyaline bands''', lesion encapsulated
| basaloid
| basaloid
| subtle
| subtle
| scant,<br>hyperchromatic
| scant,<br>hyperchromatic
| granular
| granular
| basal cell adenoca
| [[basal cell adenocarcinoma]]
| -
| -
| -  
| -  
|-
|-
|Canalicular adenoma
|[[Canalicular adenoma]]
| '''chains of cells'''
| '''chains of cells'''
| cuboid or columnar
| cuboid or columnar
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| scant,<br>hyperchromatic  
| scant,<br>hyperchromatic  
| granular
| granular
| basal cell adenoma
| [[basal cell adenoma]]
| exclusively oral cavity, 80% in upper lip; IHC: p63-
| exclusively oral cavity, 80% in upper lip; IHC: p63-
| -
| [[Image:Canalicular_adenoma_--_high_mag.jpg | thumb | center |150px| CA. (WC)]]
|-
|-
|Sialoblastoma
|[[Sialoblastoma]]
| var., '''islands surrounded'''<br>'''by loose fibrous stroma'''
| var., '''islands surrounded'''<br>'''by loose fibrous stroma'''
| basaloid
| basaloid
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| scant, hyperch.
| scant, hyperch.
| granular
| granular
| basal cell adenoca
| [[basal cell adenocarcinoma]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
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==Malignant tumours==
==Malignant tumours==
'''Tabular form - adapted from Thompson<ref>{{Ref HaNP|325-357}}</ref>'''
'''Tabular form - adapted from Thompson<ref>{{Ref HaNP|325-357}}</ref>'''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|
! Entity
| '''Architecture'''
! Architecture
| '''Morphology'''
! Morphology
| '''Cell borders'''
! Cell borders
| '''Cytoplasm'''
! Cytoplasm
| '''Nucleus'''
! Nucleus  
| '''DDx'''
! DDx
| '''Other'''
! Other
! Image
|-
|-
|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma  
|[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]
| cystic & solid
| cystic & solid
| epithelioid
| epithelioid
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| '''fuffy, clear,<br>abundant'''  
| '''fuffy, clear,<br>abundant'''  
| nuclei sm.
| nuclei sm.
| ?
| SCC (?)
| IHC: p63+
| IHC: p63+
| [[Image:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_%282%29_HE_stain.jpg |thumb| center| 150px | MEC. (WC)]]
|-
|-
|Acinic cell adenocarcinoma (AcCC)  
|[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] (AdCC)
| acinar (islands)
| pseudocysts,<br>'''[[cribriform]]''', solid,<br>hyaline stroma
| epithelioid
| subtle
| '''scant''',<br>hyperchromatic
| '''small'''<br>+/-"carrot-shaped"
| [[pleomorphic adenoma]], [[PLGA]]
| Stains: PAS+ (pseudocyst material), CD117+, cyclin D1+
| [[Image:Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px| AdCC. (WC/Nephron)]]
|-
|[[Acinic cell carcinoma]] (AcCC)  
| sheets, acinar (islands)
| epithelioid
| epithelioid
| clear
| clear
| '''granular''', generous
| '''granular abundant'''
| stippled, +/-occ. nucleoli
| '''stippled''', +/-occ. nucleoli
| ?
| adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, [[oncocytoma of salivary gland]]
| ?
| Stains: PAS +ve, PAS-D +ve; [[IHC]]: S-100 -ve, p63 -ve
| [[Image:Acinic_cell_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg | thumb| center|150px| AcCC. (WC/Nephron)]]
|-
|-
|Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC)
|[[Salivary duct carcinoma]]
| pseudocysts,<br>cribriform, solid,<br>hyaline stroma
| glandular, [[cribriform]]
| epithelioid
| subtle
| scant,<br>hyperchromatic
| '''small<br>"carrot-shaped"'''
| ?
| ?
|-
|Salivary duct carcinoma  
| glandular, cribriform  
| columnar  
| columnar  
| subtle/clear  
| subtle/clear  
| hyperchromatic  
| hyperchromatic  
| columnar  
| columnar  
| metastatic breast ca
| metastatic breast carcinoma
| similar to ductal<br>breast carcinoma
| similar to ductal<br>breast carcinoma; male>female
| [[Image:Salivary_duct_carcinoma_-a-_low_mag.jpg | thumb| center|150px | SDC. (WC/Nephron)]]
|-
|-
|Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma  
|[[Polymorphous adenocarcinoma]] (previously polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma)
| variable, often small<br>nests, may be targetoid  
| variable, often small<br>nests, may be targetoid  
| epithelioid  
| epithelioid  
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| '''eosinophilic'''  
| '''eosinophilic'''  
| ovoid & small with<br>small nucleoli  
| ovoid & small with<br>small nucleoli  
| ?
| AdCC
| minor salivary gland tumour,<br>often in palate,<br> cytologically monotonous; IHC: S100+, CK+, vim.+, GFAP+/-, BCL2+/-
| minor salivary gland tumour,<br>often in palate,<br> cytologically monotonous; IHC: [[S-100]]+, CK+, vim.+, GFAP+/-, BCL2+/-
| [[Image:Polymorphous_low-grade_adenocarcinoma_-_very_low_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|PLGA. (WC/Nephron)]]
|-
| [[Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma]]
| '''nests (myoepithelial) with tubules (epithelial)'''
| epithelioid
| not distinct
| eosinophilic cytoplasm; epithelial: scant; myoepithelial: moderate
| focal clearing
| [[AdCC]], [[pleomorphic adenoma]]
| rare
| [[Image:Epithelial-myoepithelial_carcinoma_-_high_mag.jpg |thumb|center|150px|EMCa. (WC/Nephron)]]
|-
|-
| [[Basal cell adenocarcinoma]]
| var., '''islands surrounded'''<br>'''by hyaline bands''', lesion '''not''' encapsulated
| basaloid
| subtle
| scant,<br>hyperchromatic
| granular
| [[basal cell adenoma]]
| rare, usu. parotid gland, may arise from a basal cell adenoma
| [[Image:Basal_cell_adenocarcinoma_-_parotid_gland_-_high_mag.jpg|thumb|center|150px|BCA. (WC/Nephron)]]
|}
|}


==DDx==
==DDx==
Palate:
===Palate===
*Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma.
*[[Polymorphous adenocarcinoma]].
*Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*Pleomorphic adenoma.
*[[Pleomorphic adenoma]].
 
===Benign parotid tumours===
*[[Pleomorphic adenoma]].
*[[Warthin tumour]].


Parotid (benign):
===Oncocytic tumours===
*Pleomorphic adenoma.
*Benign:
*Warthin tumour.
**Oncocytoma.
**[[Warthin tumour]].
*Malignant:
**[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]], oncocytic variant.
**[[Salivary duct carcinoma]].
**[[Carcinoma ex pleomorphic carcinoma]] with a salivary duct carcinoma component.
**[[Apocrine carcinoma]].
**Oncocytic carcinoma.
**[[Acinic cell carcinoma]], oncocytic variant.
 
===Clear cell tumours===
*[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]], clear cell variant.
*[[Acinic cell carcinoma]], clear cell variant.
*[[Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma]].
*[[Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma]].
*Metastatic [[clear cell carcinoma]].
**Metastatic [[clear cell renal cell carcinoma]].
 
===Basaloid neoplasms===
*[[Basal cell adenoma]].
*[[Basal cell adenocarcinoma]]
*[[Pleomorphic adenoma]].<ref name=pmi12478487/>
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].<ref name=pmi12478487/>
*[[Small cell carcinoma]].<ref name=pmi12478487>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Chhieng | first1 = DC. | last2 = Paulino | first2 = AF. | title = Basaloid tumors of the salivary glands. | journal = Ann Diagn Pathol | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 364-72 | month = Dec | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1053/adpa.2002.37013 | PMID = 12478487 }}</ref>


==IHC overview==
==IHC overview==
General:
General:
*Usually has limited value.
*Usually has limited value. <!--as per Ilan Weinreb-->


Specifics:
Overview:
*Luminal markers: CK7, CK19, CAM5.2 (LMWK).
*Luminal markers: [[CK7]], [[CK19]], CAM5.2 (LMWK).
*Basal markers: p63, HMWK, CK14.
*Basal markers: p63, HMWK, CK14.
*Myoepithelial markers: calponin, actin.
*Myoepithelial markers: calponin, actin.
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Notes:
Notes:
*p63 and S-100 are sometimes call myoepithelial.
*p63 and S-100 are sometimes call myoepithelial.
Specifics:
*Calponin, S-100, Ki-67 may be useful as per Nagao ''et al.''<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nagao | first1 = T. | last2 = Sato | first2 = E. | last3 = Inoue | first3 = R. | last4 = Oshiro | first4 = H. | last5 = H Takahashi | first5 = R. | last6 = Nagai | first6 = T. | last7 = Yoshida | first7 = M. | last8 = Suzuki | first8 = F. | last9 = Obikane | first9 = H. | title = Immunohistochemical analysis of salivary gland tumors: application for surgical pathology practice. | journal = Acta Histochem Cytochem | volume = 45 | issue = 5 | pages = 269-82 | month = Oct | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1267/ahc.12019 | PMID = 23209336 }}</ref>
*Most salivary gland tumours are p40 positive and p63 positive; [[polymorphous adenocarcinoma]] is p63 positive and p40 negative.<ref name=pmid34518135>{{cite journal |authors=Sivakumar N, Narwal A, Pandiar D, Devi A, Anand R, Bansal D, Kamboj M |title=Diagnostic utility of p63/p40 in the histologic differentiation of salivary gland tumors: A systematic review |journal=Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=189–198 |date=February 2022 |pmid=34518135 |doi=10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.010 |url=}}</ref>


=Benign=
=Benign=
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*Ductal obstrution.
*Ductal obstrution.


==Chronic Sialadenitis==
==Chronic sialadenitis==
===General===
{{Main|Chronic sialadenitis}}
Etiology:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/882358-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/882358-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/882358-overview]. Accessed on: 10 January 2011.</ref>
*Infection.
*Autoimmune (e.g. Sjögren syndrome, [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]).
*Other.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Fibrosis.
*Non-neoplastic mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate.
 
Image:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chronic_sialadenitis.jpg Chronic sialadenitis (WC)].
 
==Mucocele==
===General===
*Benign.


===Microscopic===
==Salivary gland mucocele==
Features:
{{Main|Salivary gland mucocele}}
*Ball of mucous.


==Pleomorphic adenoma==
==Pleomorphic adenoma==
*Abbreviated ''PA''.
{{Main|Pleomorphic adenoma}}
 
===General===
Features:
*Very common - approx. 60% of parotid gland tumours.<ref name=Ref_HaNP295>{{Ref HaNP|295}}</ref>
*May transform into a malignant tumour.
**Other benign salivary gland tumours do not do this.
*Only benign childhood salivary gland tumour of significance.
 
====Weinreb's dictums====
#Most common salivary tumour in all age groups.
#Seen in all sites (unlike other benign tumours).
#Recurrence and malignancy risk (unlike other benign salivary gland tumours).
#Any part of a tumour that looks like PA makes it a PA.
 
===Gross===
*May be cartilaginous appearing.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_HaNP295>{{Ref HaNP|295}}</ref>
*Proliferation of myoepithelium and epithelium (ductal cells) in mesenchymal stroma.
**Cells in ducts = epithelial.
**Cells not in ducts = myoepithelial.<ref>IW. 10 January 2011.</ref>
*Mesenchymal stroma - '''important feature'''.
**May be any of following: myxoid, mucochondroid, hyalinized, osseous, fatty.
***Chondroid = specific for PA; can diagnose PA without an epithelial (ductal) component if chondroid is present.
***Myxoid = not specific for PA.
 
Notes:
*Mesenchymal stroma not required for diagnosis -- if >5% ducts.<ref>IW. 10 January 2011.</ref>
**No chondroid stroma ''and'' <5% ductal cells = '''myoepithelioma'''.
*Complete excision is often elusive; stating "completely excised" on a surgical pathology report is unwise.
*Look for, i.e. rule-out, poorly differentiated carcinoma: ''carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma''.
 
Memory device: '''MEC''' = '''m'''yoepithelium, '''e'''pithelium, '''c'''hondromyxoid stroma.


===IHC===  
==Myoepithelioma==
*S-100 +ve, SMA +ve, GFAP +ve.
{{Main|Myoepithelioma}}


==Basal cell adenoma==
==Basal cell adenoma==
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*~2% of salivary gland tumours.
*~2% of salivary gland tumours.
*May be multifocal.
*May be multifocal.
*Usu. parotid gland, occasionally submandibular gland.
*Usually parotid gland, occasionally submandibular gland.
*Female:male = ~2:1.
*Female:male = ~2:1.
*May be seen in association with dermal cylindromas in the context of a genetic mutation.
*May be seen in association with [[dermal cylindroma]]s in the context of a genetic mutation.<ref name=pmid12023583>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Choi | first1 = HR. | last2 = Batsakis | first2 = JG. | last3 = Callender | first3 = DL. | last4 = Prieto | first4 = VG. | last5 = Luna | first5 = MA. | last6 = El-Naggar | first6 = AK. | title = Molecular analysis of chromosome 16q regions in dermal analogue tumors of salivary glands: a genetic link to dermal cylindroma? | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 778-83 | month = Jun | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12023583 }}</ref>
*Malignant transformation - rarely.
*Malignant transformation - rarely.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Features:
Features:
*Basophilic cells.
#Basal component.
*Usu. nests; may be bilayered tubules ''or'' [[trabeculae]].
#*Basophilic cells - '''key feature'''.
#*Usu. in nests.
#**May be bilayered tubules ''or'' [[trabeculae]].
#*Large basophilic nucleus.
#*Minimal-to-moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm.
#Stromal cells.
#*Plump spindle cells without significant nuclear atypia - '''distinguishing feature'''.
#**Stromal cell nuclei width ~= diameter [[RBC]].
#*Dense hyaline stroma.
#Tubular component.
#*Within basal component, may be minimal.
#Lesion is encapsulated - '''key feature'''.


Notes:
Notes:
*No chondromyxoid stroma.
*No chondromyxoid stroma.
**Chondromyxoid stroma present -> pleomorphic adenoma.
**Chondromyxoid stroma present -> [[pleomorphic adenoma]].
*Neoplastic cells embeded in stroma ("stromal invasion") = basal cell adenocarcinoma.
*Neoplastic cells embedded in stroma ("stromal invasion") = basal cell adenocarcinoma.
**Basal cell adenocarcinoma may be cytologically indistinguishable from basal cell adenoma, i.e. "bad" architecture makes it a basal cell adenocarcinoma.
**Basal cell adenocarcinoma may be cytologically indistinguishable from basal cell adenoma, i.e. "bad" architecture makes it a basal cell adenocarcinoma.
DDx:
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]] - not encapsulated.
*[[Basal cell adenocarcinoma]] - not encapsulated.
*[[Canalicular adenoma]] - different site; canalicular adenoma is the in oral cavity, usually upper lip.
Images:
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/ComImage/Com304-3-LM1.gif BCA (ouhsc.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/Com304-3-Diss.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/Com304-3-Diss.htm]. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.</ref>
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=1&Case=115 BCA (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=4&Case=115 BCA (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/euthman/5691555734/in/set-72057594114099781/ BCA (flickr.com/euthman)].


===IHC===
===IHC===
*Luminal stains +ve: CK7 +ve, CAM5.2 +ve.
*Luminal stains +ve: CK7 +ve, CAM5.2 +ve.
*p63 +ve -- basal component.
*[[S-100]] +ve -- spindle cells in the stroma.


==Canalicular adenoma==
==Canalicular adenoma==
===General===
{{Main|Canalicular adenoma}}
*Exclusively oral cavity.
**80% of lesions on upper lip.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Channels - "beading of cell".
*Mucoid/hemorrhagic stroma.
 
DDx:
*Basal cell adenoma.
 
===IHC===
*p63 -ve.
**Basal cell adenoma p63 +ve.
 
==Papillary cystadeoma lymphomatosum==
*[[AKA]] '''Warthin tumour'''.
 
===General===
Epidemiology:
*May be multicentric ~ 15% of the time.
*May be bilateral ~10% of the time.
*Classically: male > female -- changing with more women smokers.
*Smokers.
*Old - usu. 60s, very rarely < 40 years old.


Notes:
==Warthin tumour==
*No malignant transformation.
{{Main|Warthin tumour}}
*Not in submandibular gland.
*Not in sublingual gland.
*Not in children.
 
===Gross===
*Motor-oil like fluid.
*Cystic component larger in larger lesions.
**Small lesions may be solid.
 
===Microscopy===
Features:
* Papillae (nipple-shaped structures) with a two rows of pink (eosinophilic) epithelial cells (with cuboidal basal cells and columnar luminal cells) -- '''key feature'''.
* Fibrous capsule - pink & homogenous on [[H&E stain]].
* Cystic space filled with debris ''in situ'' (not necrosis).
* Lymphoid stroma.
 
Notes:
*+/-Squamous differentiation.
*+/-Goblet cell differentiation.
 
DDx:
*Lymphoepithelial cyst.
**Cyst within a lymph node.
 
Images:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum3.jpg Warthin tumour - high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum2.jpg Warthin tumour - intermed. mag. (WC)].


==Sebaceous adenoma==
==Sebaceous adenoma==
===Microscopic===
{{Main|Sebaceous adenoma}}
Features:
*Benign counterpart of ''[[sebaceous carcinoma]]''.
*Benign counterpart of ''sebaceous carcinoma''.


==Oncocytoma==
==Sebaceous lymphadenoma==
===General===
{{Main|Sebaceous lymphadenoma}}
*No risk of malignant transformation.
*~1% of all salivary gland tumours.
*Typical age: 60s-80s.
*Associated with radiation exposure.
*Major salivary glands - usu. parotid gland.


===Gross===
==Oncocytoma of the salivary gland==
*Golden brown appearance.
*[[AKA]] ''salivary gland oncocytoma''.
 
{{Main|Oncocytoma of the salivary gland}}
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Like [[oncocytoma]]s elsewhere.
**Eosinophilic cytoplasm (on [[H&E stain]]).
***Due to increased number of mitochrondria.
**Fine capillaries.
 
Notes:
*May have clear cell change.
*Multiple small incidental lesions = oncocytosis - ''not'' oncocytoma.
 
===IHC===
*p63 +ve focally in nucleus.


=Malignant=
=Malignant=
Approach:
One approach:
*Differentiate -- luminal vs. myoepithelial vs. basal.
*Differentiate -- luminal vs. myoepithelial vs. basal (mucoepideroid).


==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
==Mucoepidermoid carcinoma==
===General===
{{Main|Mucoepidermoid carcinoma}}
*Most common malignant neoplasm of salivary gland.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Abundant fluffy cytoplasm - with large mucin vacuoles - '''key feature'''.
*Nucleus distorted by mucin vacuole.
*Architecture:<ref>URL: [http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/D2A001-PQ01-M.htm http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/D2A001-PQ01-M.htm]. Accessed on: 19 October 2010.</ref>
**Cystic - low grade.
**Solid - high grade.
 
Notes:
*Mucin vacuoles may be rare; in a superficial glance -- it may mimic squamous cell carcinoma.


Images:
==Acinic cell carcinoma==
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_%282%29_HE_stain.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 2 (WC)].
{{Main|Acinic cell carcinoma}}
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma_%283%29_HE_stain.jpg Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 3 (WC)].
*[http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/opaq/PathQuiz/D2A001-PQ01-M.htm Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (ouhsc.edu)].
 
==Acinic cell adenocarcinoma==
*Abbreviated ''AcCC''.
*Common malignant neoplasm of salivary gland.
 
Features:
*Psammoma bodies(?).
*Abundant cytoplasm.
*Stipled chromatin.
*Acinar architecture (islands of cells).
 
Memory device:
*AcCC - lots of "C"s - '''c'''hromatin stipled, '''c'''ytoplasm generous.


==Adenoid cystic carcinoma==
==Adenoid cystic carcinoma==
===General===
{{Main|Adenoid cystic carcinoma}}
*Common malignant neoplasm of salivary gland.
Note: The [[breast]] tumour is dealt with in ''[[adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast]]''.
*AKA ''cylindroma''.<ref>Chest. May 1957. Vol. 31. No. 5. PP. 493-511. [http://www.chestjournal.org/content/31/5/493.abstract http://www.chestjournal.org/content/31/5/493.abstract]</ref>
**Should ''not'' be confused with ''dermal cylindroma'' (a benign skin tumour).
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Cribriform architecture.
*Scant cytoplasm.
*Carrot-shaped nucleus.
*Hyaline stroma.
 
Images: [http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n12/fig_tab/3880915f2.html Adenoid cystic carcinoma - Mod. Pathol.]
 
Memory device:
*A'''d'''CC - mostly '''D'''NA (scant cytoplasm), distinct nucleus (carrot-shaped).
 
===IHC===
Features:<ref name=pmid19360297>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Sequeiros-Santiago | first1 = G. | last2 = García-Carracedo | first2 = D. | last3 = Fresno | first3 = MF. | last4 = Suarez | first4 = C. | last5 = Rodrigo | first5 = JP. | last6 = Gonzalez | first6 = MV. | title = Oncogene amplification pattern in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. | journal = Oncol Rep | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 1215-22 | month = May | year = 2009 | doi =  | PMID = 19360297 }}</ref>
*CD117 +ve.
*Cyclin D1 +ve.


==Salivary duct carcinoma==
==Salivary duct carcinoma==
Needs work.
{{Main|Salivary duct carcinoma}}


*Malignant counterpart of ''salivary duct adenoma''.
==Intraductal carcinoma of the salivary gland==
{{Main|Intraductal carcinoma of the salivary gland}}


==Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma==
==Polymorphous adenocarcinoma==
*Classically found in the palate.
*Abbreviated ''PAC''.
*Tumour of the minor salivary glands.
*Previously known as ''polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma'', abbreviated ''PLGA''.
 
{{Main|Polymorphous adenocarcinoma}}
===Microscopy===
*Cytologically monotonous (uniform) with variable architecture - '''key feature'''.
**Architecture: often small nests, may be targetoid.
*Nucleus: ovoid & small with small nucleoli.
*Indistinct cell borders.
*Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
 
===DDx===
*Pleomorphic adenoma.
*Adenoid cystic carcinoma.


==Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma==
==Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma==
*Abbreviated ''Ca ex PA''.
*Abbreviated ''Ca ex PA''.
{{Main|Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma}}


===General===
==Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma==
Definition:
{{Main|Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma}}
*Malignant transformation of a ''pleomorphic adenoma''.


Diagnosis (either 1 or 2):
==Basal cell adenocarcinoma==
#History of a pleomorphic adenoma at the same site.
{{Main|Basal cell adenocarcinoma}}
#Features of a pleomorphic adenoma and a carcinoma.


Epidemiology:
==Sebaceous carcinoma==
*Rare.
{{Main|Sebaceous carcinoma}}
It is similar to the tumour found in the skin.


===Microscopy===
==Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma==
Features:
{{Main|Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma}}
*Cells with cytologic features of malignancy.
*Architecture (any of the following):
**Glands.
**Nests.
**Single cells (may be subtle).
 
Architectural patterns:
*Ductal carcinoma NOS (arising from ductal cells) - most common pattern for Ca ex PA.
*Myoepithelial cacinoma NOS (arising from myoepithelial cells).
*"Named carcinoma":
**Salivary duct carcinoma - second most common pattern for Ca ex PA.
**Mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
**Adenoid cystic carcinoma.
 
Note:
*Often adenocarcinoma-like.
*Myoepithelial cells may be clear cells. (???)
 
====Subclassification====
#Non-invasive [[AKA]] ''intracapsular'' [[AKA]] ''in situ''.
#Minimally invasive <1.5 mm beyond the capsule.
#Widely invasive >=1.5 mm beyond the capsule.
 
==Sebaceous carcinoma==
*Arises from ''sebaceous glands''
*Sebaceous glands are serous glands and clear on H&E.


=See also=
=See also=
Line 487: Line 371:
*[[Breast]].
*[[Breast]].
*[[Head and neck cytopathology]].
*[[Head and neck cytopathology]].
*[[Lacrimal gland]].


=References=
=References=
Line 492: Line 377:


[[Category:Head and neck pathology]]
[[Category:Head and neck pathology]]
[[Category:Salivary gland|Salivary gland]]

Latest revision as of 20:36, 2 June 2024

Schematic showing the major salivary glands. (WC)

The salivary glands help digest food. ENT surgeons excise them if a malignancy is suspected.

The cytopathology of the salivary glands is covered in the Head and neck cytopathology article.

Normal salivary glands

Types of salivary glands

Types of glands:[1]

  1. Serrous - eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules, acinar arrangement - vaguely resembles the acinar morphology of the pancreas.
  2. Mucinous - light eosinophilic staining.

Identifying the glands

The three main glands:

  1. Parotid:
    • Serous glands - lower viscosity, acini (lobules).[2]
    • Most tumours in this gland are benign.
  2. Submandibular:
    • Serous and mucinous glands.
      • Serous ~90% of gland.
      • Mucinous ~10% of gland.
    • Serous demilunes = mucinous gland with "cap" consisting of a serous glandular component.
  1. Sublingual:
    • Mucinous glands.

Other:

  • Adipose tissue is found between the glands.
    • It increases with age.

Images:

Memory devices:

  • The parotid gland vaguely resembles the pancreas.
  • Submandibular = glands are mixed.

Overview

Benign tumours

Tabular form - adapted from Thompson[5]

Entity Architecture Morphology Cell borders Cytoplasm Nucleus DDx Other Image
Pleomorphic adenoma var. mixed pop.; must include: (1) myoepithelium, (2) mesenchymal stroma, and (3) epithelium (ductal cells) or chondromyxoid stroma var. var. (1) plasmacytoid adenoid cystic carcinoma occ. encapsulated,
mixed pop. of glandular,
myoepithelial and mesenchymal cells
PA. (WP)
Warthin tumour papillary,
bilayer 		cuboid (basal), columnar (apical) clearly seen eosinophilic, abundant unremarkable sebaceous lymphadenoma AKA papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
PCL. (WP/Nephron)
Basal cell adenoma var., islands surrounded
by hyaline bands, lesion encapsulated 		basaloid subtle scant,
hyperchromatic 		granular basal cell adenocarcinoma - -
Canalicular adenoma chains of cells cuboid or columnar subtle scant,
hyperchromatic 		granular basal cell adenoma exclusively oral cavity, 80% in upper lip; IHC: p63-
CA. (WC)
Sialoblastoma var., islands surrounded
by loose fibrous stroma 		basaloid subtle scant, hyperch. granular basal cell adenocarcinoma - -

Malignant tumours

Tabular form - adapted from Thompson[6]

Entity Architecture Morphology Cell borders Cytoplasm Nucleus DDx Other Image
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma cystic & solid epithelioid distinct fuffy, clear,
abundant 		nuclei sm. SCC (?) IHC: p63+
MEC. (WC)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) pseudocysts,
cribriform, solid,
hyaline stroma 		epithelioid subtle scant,
hyperchromatic 		small
+/-"carrot-shaped" 		pleomorphic adenoma, PLGA Stains: PAS+ (pseudocyst material), CD117+, cyclin D1+
AdCC. (WC/Nephron)
Acinic cell carcinoma (AcCC) sheets, acinar (islands) epithelioid clear granular abundant stippled, +/-occ. nucleoli adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified, oncocytoma of salivary gland Stains: PAS +ve, PAS-D +ve; IHC: S-100 -ve, p63 -ve
AcCC. (WC/Nephron)
Salivary duct carcinoma glandular, cribriform columnar subtle/clear hyperchromatic columnar metastatic breast carcinoma similar to ductal
breast carcinoma; male>female
SDC. (WC/Nephron)
Polymorphous adenocarcinoma (previously polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma) variable, often small
nests, may be targetoid 		epithelioid indistinct eosinophilic ovoid & small with
small nucleoli 		AdCC minor salivary gland tumour,
often in palate,
cytologically monotonous; IHC: S-100+, CK+, vim.+, GFAP+/-, BCL2+/-
PLGA. (WC/Nephron)
Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma nests (myoepithelial) with tubules (epithelial) epithelioid not distinct eosinophilic cytoplasm; epithelial: scant; myoepithelial: moderate focal clearing AdCC, pleomorphic adenoma rare
EMCa. (WC/Nephron)
Basal cell adenocarcinoma var., islands surrounded
by hyaline bands, lesion not encapsulated 		basaloid subtle scant,
hyperchromatic 		granular basal cell adenoma rare, usu. parotid gland, may arise from a basal cell adenoma
BCA. (WC/Nephron)

DDx

Palate

Benign parotid tumours

Oncocytic tumours

Clear cell tumours

Basaloid neoplasms

IHC overview

General:

  • Usually has limited value.

Overview:

  • Luminal markers: CK7, CK19, CAM5.2 (LMWK).
  • Basal markers: p63, HMWK, CK14.
  • Myoepithelial markers: calponin, actin.
  • Uncommitted: S-100.

Notes:

  • p63 and S-100 are sometimes call myoepithelial.

Specifics:

  • Calponin, S-100, Ki-67 may be useful as per Nagao et al.[8]
  • Most salivary gland tumours are p40 positive and p63 positive; polymorphous adenocarcinoma is p63 positive and p40 negative.[9]

Benign

General DDx:

  • Inflammation.
  • Neoplasm.
  • Ductal obstrution.

Chronic sialadenitis

Main article: Chronic sialadenitis

Salivary gland mucocele

Main article: Salivary gland mucocele

Pleomorphic adenoma

Main article: Pleomorphic adenoma

Myoepithelioma

Main article: Myoepithelioma

Basal cell adenoma

General

  • ~2% of salivary gland tumours.
  • May be multifocal.
  • Usually parotid gland, occasionally submandibular gland.
  • Female:male = ~2:1.
  • May be seen in association with dermal cylindromas in the context of a genetic mutation.[10]
  • Malignant transformation - rarely.

Microscopic

Features:

  1. Basal component.
    • Basophilic cells - key feature.
    • Usu. in nests.
    • Large basophilic nucleus.
    • Minimal-to-moderate eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  2. Stromal cells.
    • Plump spindle cells without significant nuclear atypia - distinguishing feature.
      • Stromal cell nuclei width ~= diameter RBC.
    • Dense hyaline stroma.
  3. Tubular component.
    • Within basal component, may be minimal.
  4. Lesion is encapsulated - key feature.

Notes:

  • No chondromyxoid stroma.
  • Neoplastic cells embedded in stroma ("stromal invasion") = basal cell adenocarcinoma.
    • Basal cell adenocarcinoma may be cytologically indistinguishable from basal cell adenoma, i.e. "bad" architecture makes it a basal cell adenocarcinoma.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

  • Luminal stains +ve: CK7 +ve, CAM5.2 +ve.
  • p63 +ve -- basal component.
  • S-100 +ve -- spindle cells in the stroma.

Canalicular adenoma

Main article: Canalicular adenoma

Warthin tumour

Main article: Warthin tumour

Sebaceous adenoma

Main article: Sebaceous adenoma

Sebaceous lymphadenoma

Main article: Sebaceous lymphadenoma

Oncocytoma of the salivary gland

  • AKA salivary gland oncocytoma.
Main article: Oncocytoma of the salivary gland

Malignant

One approach:

  • Differentiate -- luminal vs. myoepithelial vs. basal (mucoepideroid).

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Main article: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Acinic cell carcinoma

Main article: Acinic cell carcinoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Main article: Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Note: The breast tumour is dealt with in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast.

Salivary duct carcinoma

Main article: Salivary duct carcinoma

Intraductal carcinoma of the salivary gland

Main article: Intraductal carcinoma of the salivary gland

Polymorphous adenocarcinoma

  • Abbreviated PAC.
  • Previously known as polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, abbreviated PLGA.
Main article: Polymorphous adenocarcinoma

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

  • Abbreviated Ca ex PA.
Main article: Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

Main article: Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma

Basal cell adenocarcinoma

Main article: Basal cell adenocarcinoma

Sebaceous carcinoma

Main article: Sebaceous carcinoma

It is similar to the tumour found in the skin.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma

Main article: Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Oral/oral.htm#LABSALIVA
  2. ↑ http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Epithelia/Epithel.htm
  3. ↑ URL: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/demilune. Accessed on: 19 August 2011.
  4. ↑ URL: http://pathology.mc.duke.edu/research/pth225.html. Accessed on: 19 August 2011.
  5. ↑ Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Head and Neck Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 295-319. ISBN 978-0443069604.
  6. ↑ Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Head and Neck Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 325-357. ISBN 978-0443069604.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Chhieng, DC.; Paulino, AF. (Dec 2002). "Basaloid tumors of the salivary glands.". Ann Diagn Pathol 6 (6): 364-72. doi:10.1053/adpa.2002.37013. PMID 12478487.
  8. ↑ Nagao, T.; Sato, E.; Inoue, R.; Oshiro, H.; H Takahashi, R.; Nagai, T.; Yoshida, M.; Suzuki, F. et al. (Oct 2012). "Immunohistochemical analysis of salivary gland tumors: application for surgical pathology practice.". Acta Histochem Cytochem 45 (5): 269-82. doi:10.1267/ahc.12019. PMID 23209336.
  9. ↑ Sivakumar N, Narwal A, Pandiar D, Devi A, Anand R, Bansal D, Kamboj M (February 2022). "Diagnostic utility of p63/p40 in the histologic differentiation of salivary gland tumors: A systematic review". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 133 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2021.07.010. PMID 34518135.
  10. ↑ Choi, HR.; Batsakis, JG.; Callender, DL.; Prieto, VG.; Luna, MA.; El-Naggar, AK. (Jun 2002). "Molecular analysis of chromosome 16q regions in dermal analogue tumors of salivary glands: a genetic link to dermal cylindroma?". Am J Surg Pathol 26 (6): 778-83. PMID 12023583.
  11. ↑ URL: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/kfung/jty1/Com/Com304-3-Diss.htm. Accessed on: 25 October 2011.
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