Difference between revisions of "Dermatologic neoplasms"

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==Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma==
==Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma==
*Abbreviated CTCL.
*Abbreviated CTCL.
 
{{Main|Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma}}
===General===
*''Mycosis fungoides'' - is a subtype (???).
*CTCL is more common than cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL).<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099540-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099540-overview]. Accessed on: 24 August 2010.</ref><ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098342-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098342-overview]. Accessed on: 24 August 2010.</ref>
 
Stages - like [[Kaposi sarcoma]]:
*Patch.
*Plaque.
*Nodular.
 
===Microscopic===
*Atypical lymphocytes:
**Have folded "cerebriform" nuclei; ''Sezary-Lutzner cells''.<ref name=Ref_Klatt385>{{Ref Klatt|385}}</ref>
*Grouping:
**Nests in the epidermis - known as "Pautrier microabscesses".
**Single lymphocytes in epidermis - without accompanying edema.
**Short linear arrays of lymphocytes along the basal layer of the epidermis; "epidermotropism".<ref name=Ref_Klatt385>{{Ref Klatt|385}}</ref>
 
DDx:
*[[Lymphomatoid papulosis]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Cutaneous_T-cell_lymphoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | CTCL - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Image:Cutaneous_T-cell_lymphoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | CTCL - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.jci.org/articles/view/24826/figure/2 CTCL (jci.org)].
*[http://www.mdconsult.com/das/book/body/199872830-2/0/1709/I4-u1.0-B978-0-443-06694-8..50117-2--f2.fig CTCL (mdconsult.com)].
 
===IHC===
Key stain:
*CD4 +ve.<ref>{{Ref PBoD8|1185}}</ref>
 
Other stains:
*CD3 +ve.
*CD8 -ve.
*CD20 -ve (to r/o significant B cell population).
*CD30 -ve.
*CD5 +ve.
*CD7 -ve (often lost first in T cell lymphomas).
*Ki-67 high.
*CD56 -ve.


==Merkel cell carcinoma==
==Merkel cell carcinoma==
Line 106: Line 64:


==Trichilemmal carcinoma==
==Trichilemmal carcinoma==
===General===
{{Main|Trichilemmal carcinoma}}
*Super rare.
*Not well-described.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>{{Ref Derm|399-400}}</ref>
*Clear (glycogen-rich) cytoplasm in center of lesion.
*Peripheral palisading at edge of lesion - root sheath differentiation (hair follicle).
*Contiguous with hair follicle ''or'' assoc. with [[trichilemmoma]].
 
DDx:
*[[Squamous cell carcinoma]], clear cell variant.
*[[Basal cell carcinoma]], clear cell variant.
*[[Trichilemmoma]].


==Lymphomatoid papulosis==
==Lymphomatoid papulosis==
Line 168: Line 113:
=Benign=
=Benign=
==Syringoma==
==Syringoma==
===General===
{{Main|Syringoma}}
*Benign sweat duct tumour.
*Eccrine differentiation.
*Usually close to lower eyelid.<ref>{{Ref PBoD8|1177}}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059871-diagnosis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059871-diagnosis]. Accessed on: 12 May 2010.</ref>
*Proliferation of benign ducts with lined by a bilayer (as in normal sweat ducts) with abnormal architecture:
**Tadpole like appearing ducts.
 
DDx:
*Syringomatous adenomas of nipple (AKA syringoma of the nipple).<ref name=pmid22355740>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Boecker | first1 = W. | last2 = Junkers | first2 = T. | last3 = Reusch | first3 = M. | last4 = Buerger | first4 = H. | last5 = Korsching | first5 = E. | last6 = Metze | first6 = D. | last7 = Decker | first7 = T. | last8 = Loening | first8 = T. | last9 = Lange | first9 = A. | title = Origin and differentiation of breast nipple syringoma. | journal = Sci Rep | volume = 2 | issue =  | pages = 226 | month =  | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1038/srep00226 | PMID = 22355740 |URL = http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120117/srep00226/full/srep00226.html }}</ref>
*[[Chondroid syringoma]]. (???)
 
Images:
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/euthman/2329061316/ Syringoma (flickr.com)].
*[http://dermatology.cdlib.org/144/tumors/axillary_syringoma/2.jpg Syringoma (dermatology.cdlib.org)].<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Nosrati | first1 = N. | last2 = Coleman | first2 = NM. | last3 = Hsu | first3 = S. | title = Axillary syringomas. | journal = Dermatol Online J | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 13 | month =  | year = 2008 | doi =  | PMID = 18627735 |URL = http://dermatology.cdlib.org/144/tumors/axillary_syringoma/hsu.html}}</ref>


==Chondroid syringoma==
==Chondroid syringoma==
Line 204: Line 133:


Images:
Images:
*[http://archive.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-dermatology/volume-7-number-1/cutaneous-mixed-tumor.article-g01.fs.jpg Chondroid syringoma - low mag. (ispub.com)].<ref name=ispub_mts>URL: [http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_dermatology/volume_7_number_2_23/article/cutaneous_mixed_tumor.html http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_dermatology/volume_7_number_2_23/article/cutaneous_mixed_tumor.html]. Access on: 21 September 2011.</ref>
*[https://www.dermnetnz.org/topics/apocrine-mixed-tumour-pathology Chondroid syringoma (DermnetNZ)].
*[http://archive.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-dermatology/volume-7-number-1/cutaneous-mixed-tumor.article-g02.fs.jpg Chondroid syringoma - high mag. (ispub.com)].<ref name=ispub_mts>URL: [http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_dermatology/volume_7_number_2_23/article/cutaneous_mixed_tumor.html http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_dermatology/volume_7_number_2_23/article/cutaneous_mixed_tumor.html]. Access on: 21 September 2011.</ref>


==Dermal cylindroma==
==Dermal cylindroma==
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==Trichilemmoma==
==Trichilemmoma==
*May be spelled ''tricholemmoma''.
*May be spelled ''tricholemmoma''.
===General===
{{Main|Trichilemmoma}}
*Benign neoplasm with features of the pilosebaceous follicular epithelium.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059940-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1059940-overview]. Accessed on: 2 September 2011.</ref>
*Associated with ''nevus sebaceous''.<ref name=pmid16503928>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baykal | first1 = C. | last2 = Buyukbabani | first2 = N. | last3 = Yazganoglu | first3 = KD. | last4 = Saglik | first4 = E. | title = [Tumors associated with nevus sebaceous]. | journal = J Dtsch Dermatol Ges | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 28-31 | month = Jan | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.05855.x | PMID = 16503928 }}</ref>
*Muliple trichilemmomas associated with [[Cowden syndrome]].<ref name=Ref_Derm386>{{Ref Derm|386}}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_Derm386>{{Ref Derm|386}}</ref>
*Superficial dermal lesion contiguous with the epidermis:
**Core of lesion:
***Cuboidal cells with round nuclei, eosinophilic-clear cytoplasm.
**Periphery of lesion:
***Surrounded by hyaline band.
***Peripheral palisading.
 
DDx:
*[[Trichilemmal carcinoma]].
*[[Basal cell carcinoma]].
*[[Inverted follicular keratosis]].
 
Images:
*[http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/images/9033_12822_Lee_1520.jpg Trichilemmoma - low mag. (cancer.gov)].<ref name=lee>URL: [http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/gallery.asp?profileid=12822 http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/gallery.asp?profileid=12822]. Accessed on: 2 September 2011.</ref>
*[http://ccr.cancer.gov/staff/images/9033_12822_Lee_1521.jpg Trichilemmoma - high mag. (cancer.gov)].<ref name=lee/>
*[http://dermimages.med.jhmi.edu/images/trichilemmoma_1_060109.jpg Trichilemmoma (jhmi.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/indexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=667496720 http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/indexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=667496720]. Accessed on: 2 September 2011.</ref>
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/40981620@N04/3812019838/in/pool-1185084@N23/ Trichilemmoma - low mag. (flickr.com/Irlam)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/40981620@N04/3812019930/in/pool-1185084@N23/ Trichilemmoma - intermed. mag. (flickr.com/Irlam)].
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/40981620@N04/3811204517/in/pool-1185084@N23/ Trichilemmoma - high mag. (flickr.com/Irlam)].
 
==Eccrine poroma==
===General===
*Benign tumour arising from the distal sweat duct.
*Erythematous - gross.
 
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref>URL: [http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675(06)70190-5 http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/diagnosis?pii=S1559-8675(06)70190-5]. Accessed on: 2 July 2010.</ref>
*Broad sheets of basaloid cells - attached to the epidermis - containing ductal structures - '''key feature'''.
*Biphasic stroma:
*#Edematous stroma.
*#Sclerotic stroma.
*Moderate nuclear pleomorphism.
*+/-Occasional mitoses.
 
Notes:
*Area above gland appears crusted.


DDx:
==Poroma==
*[[Trichilemmoma]].
{{Main|Poroma}}
*[[Nodular hidradenoma]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image: SkinTumors-P7150495.JPG | EP. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/40981620@N04/3808316834/in/photostream/ Eccrine poroma - low mag. (flickr.com)]
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/40981620@N04/3807502071/in/photostream Eccrine poroma - intermed. mag. (flickr.com)].


==Nodular hidradenoma==
==Nodular hidradenoma==
Line 370: Line 247:


Note:
Note:
*The ''digital papillary adenoma'' is considered malignant; the AFIP says these are best classified as ''adenocarcinomas'', i.e. ''digital papillary adenocarcinoma''.<ref name=pmid10843279>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Duke | first1 = WH. | last2 = Sherrod | first2 = TT. | last3 = Lupton | first3 = GP. | title = Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma revisited). | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 775-84 | month = Jun | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10843279 }}</ref>
*The ''digital papillary adenoma'' is considered malignant; the AFIP says these are best classified as ''adenocarcinomas'', i.e. ''[[digital papillary adenocarcinoma]]''.<ref name=pmid10843279>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Duke | first1 = WH. | last2 = Sherrod | first2 = TT. | last3 = Lupton | first3 = GP. | title = Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma revisited). | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 775-84 | month = Jun | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10843279 }}</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 383: Line 260:


DDx:
DDx:
*Digital papillary adenocarcinoma - location important.
*[[Digital papillary adenocarcinoma]] - location important.
*[[Tubular apocrine adenoma]] (tubulopapillary hidradenoma<ref name=pmid1566975>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fox | first1 = SB. | last2 = Cotton | first2 = DW. | title = Tubular apocrine adenoma and papillary eccrine adenoma. Entities or unity? | journal = Am J Dermatopathol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 149-54 | month = Apr | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1566975 }}</ref>) - a related tumour.<ref name=pmid8238787>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ishiko | first1 = A. | last2 = Shimizu | first2 = H. | last3 = Inamoto | first3 = N. | last4 = Nakmura | first4 = K. | title = Is tubular apocrine adenoma a distinct clinical entity? | journal = Am J Dermatopathol | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 482-7 | month = Oct | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8238787 }}</ref>
*[[Tubular apocrine adenoma]] (tubulopapillary hidradenoma<ref name=pmid1566975>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fox | first1 = SB. | last2 = Cotton | first2 = DW. | title = Tubular apocrine adenoma and papillary eccrine adenoma. Entities or unity? | journal = Am J Dermatopathol | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 149-54 | month = Apr | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1566975 }}</ref>) - a related tumour.<ref name=pmid8238787>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ishiko | first1 = A. | last2 = Shimizu | first2 = H. | last3 = Inamoto | first3 = N. | last4 = Nakmura | first4 = K. | title = Is tubular apocrine adenoma a distinct clinical entity? | journal = Am J Dermatopathol | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 482-7 | month = Oct | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8238787 }}</ref>


Line 399: Line 276:
*Vimentin +ve.
*Vimentin +ve.
*CEA +ve.
*CEA +ve.
*EMA +ve.
*[[EMA]] +ve.
*S-100 +ve.
*S-100 +ve.


Latest revision as of 14:10, 8 October 2024

This article deals with dermatologic neoplasms, also known as skin tumours. It includes dermatologic cancer, which can be deadly. Collectively, dermatologic cancers are the most common form of cancer.

An introduction to dermatopathy is found in the dermatopathology article. Non-malignant disease is covered in the non-malignant skin disease article.

The Big Three malignant

Basal cell carcinoma

Main article: Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

  • Abbreviated skin SCC, SCC of the skin, and SCC of skin.
Main article: Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

Melanoma

Main article: Malignant melanoma
  • Known as the great mimicker in pathology; it may look like many things.

Less common malignant

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

  • Abbreviated DFSP.
Main article: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma

  • Abbreviated CBCL.

General

  • CBCL is less common than cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).[1]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Dermal lymphoid infiltrate.
  • "Grenz zone" - space between the epidermis and the dermal infiltrate - key feature.

IHC

  • B cell and T cell markers.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

  • Abbreviated CTCL.
Main article: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Merkel cell carcinoma

Main article: Merkel cell carcinoma

Eccrine carcinoma

General

  • Arises from the proximal sweat duct.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Pleomorphic nuclei with nucleoli.
  • Duct-like structures - key feature.
  • Extends from dermis into epidermis (follows path of a benign sweat duct).

Notes:

Kaposi sarcoma

See Kaposi sarcoma.

Sebaceous carcinoma

Main article: Sebaceous carcinoma

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma

Main article: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma

Trichilemmal carcinoma

Main article: Trichilemmal carcinoma

Lymphomatoid papulosis

General

  • Rare.
  • Benign behaviour.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Dermal lymphocytosis.
    • No epidermal lymphocytes.
  • Focal nuclear atypia.

DDx:

IHC

Rare malignant

Basosquamous carcinoma

Should not be confused with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (AKA squamous cell carcinoma, basaloid variant).

General

  • Very rare.
    • Largest case series, as of 2000, 35 cases.[3]
  • May be considered an aggressive variant of basal cell carcinoma.[3]
  • Aggressive behaviour.[4]

Microscopic

Features:

Note:

  • Busam notes that there is disagreement about what defines this tumour;[6] however, he goes on the describe it as a collision tumour.[5]

DDx:

Intermediate

Atypical fibroxanthoma

  • Abbreviated AFX.
Main article: Atypical fibroxanthoma

Benign

Syringoma

Main article: Syringoma

Chondroid syringoma

  • Used to be called mixed tumour of skin.[7]

General

  • Mixed apocrine & eccrine tumour of skin, usually in the head & neck[7], especially nose and cheek.[8]
  • May be in major and minor salivary glands.[8]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Mix tumour with:[7]
    1. Epithelial component:
      • Nests of cells with:
        • Moderate dull eosinophilic cytoplasm.
        • Round/ovoid nuclei with nucleoli.
    2. Mesenchymal component - key feature:

Images:

Dermal cylindroma

Main article: Dermal cylindroma

Keratoacanthoma

Main article: Keratoacanthoma

Sebaceous adenoma

General

Notes:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Abnormal sebaceous glands (pale fluffy cytoplasm):
    • Increased basal epithelium.
    • Multiple dilated glands - opening to the surface.

Images

  • Sebaceous adenoma - low mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • Sebaceous adenoma - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

www:

Trichilemmoma

  • May be spelled tricholemmoma.
Main article: Trichilemmoma

Poroma

Main article: Poroma

Nodular hidradenoma

Main article: Nodular hidradenoma

Trichoblastoma

Main article: Trichoblastoma

Trichofolliculoma

Main article: Trichofolliculoma

Apocrine carcinoma of the skin

General

  • Rare.[10]
  • Usually very good prognosis.[10]

Microscopic

Features:[10]

  • Nests.
  • Apocrine snouts - "decapitation secretion"

DDx:

Images

  • Apocrine carcinoma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)

  • Apocrine carcinoma - high mag. (WC/Nephron)

Stains

Features:[10]

  • PAS +ve.
  • PASD +ve.

IHC

Dermatomyofibroma

Should not be confused with dermatofibroma.
  • Abbreviated DMF.

General

  • Uncommon.

Microscopic

Features:[11]

  • Poorly formed fasicles parallel to the skin surface, usu. restricted to the superficial dermis.
  • Moderate cellular density - less cellular than DFSP.
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm.

DDx:

Images:

IHC

Features:[11]

  • CD10 +ve.
  • Vimentin +ve.

Others:[11]

  • CD34 -ve.
  • Factor XIIIa -ve.
  • S-100 -ve.

Papillary eccrine adenoma

  • Abbreviated PEA.

General

  • Uncommon.
  • Benign.[12]

Treatment:

Gross

  • Central location.

Note:

Microscopic

Features:[15][16]

  • Well-circumscribed lesions consisting of multiple cystic spaces lined by a bilayered epithelium with:
    • Papillary projections into the lumen.
    • Amorphous eosinophilic material in the cystic spaces.
    • Surrounded by a fibrous stroma.[17]

Note:

  • May appear to have more than two cell layers.

DDx:

Image:

IHC

Outer layer of epithelium:[17]

  • SMA-alpha +ve.
  • Keratin 14 +ve.

Inner layer of epithelium:[17]

  • Keratin 8 +ve.

Other stains:[16]

  • Vimentin +ve.
  • CEA +ve.
  • EMA +ve.
  • S-100 +ve.

Sign out

SKIN LESION, LEFT PARIETAL SCALP, BIOPSY:
- PAPILLARY ECCRINE ADENOMA.

Micro

The sections show a well-circumscribed multi-locular superficial dermal lesion with a bilayered epithelium and intracystic papillary projections. The cystic spaces contain amorphous eosinophilic material. The cystic component is surrounded by a dense fibrous stroma with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate, consisting primary of plasma cells and lymphocytes.

There is no significant nuclear atypia and no mitotic activity is appreciated. The overlying epidermis matures appropriately. A granular layer is present.

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1099540-overview. Accessed on: 24 August 2010.
  2. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case513/dx.html. Accessed on: 25 January 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Martin, RC.; Edwards, MJ.; Cawte, TG.; Sewell, CL.; McMasters, KM. (Mar 2000). "Basosquamous carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors influencing recurrence.". Cancer 88 (6): 1365-9. PMID 10717618.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bowman, PH.; Ratz, JL.; Knoepp, TG.; Barnes, CJ.; Finley, EM. (Aug 2003). "Basosquamous carcinoma.". Dermatol Surg 29 (8): 830-2; discussion 833. PMID 12859383..
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 397. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  6. ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 372. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Kumar, B. (Jan 2010). "Chondroid syringoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology.". Diagn Cytopathol 38 (1): 38-40. doi:10.1002/dc.21159. PMID 19693940.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rauso, R.; Santagata, M.; Tartaro, G.; Filipi, M.; Colella, G.. "Chondroid syringoma: a rare tumor of orofacial region.". Minerva Stomatol 58 (7-8): 383-8. PMID 19633639.
  9. ↑ Punia, RP.; Garg, S.; Bal, A.; Mohan, H. (2008). "Pigmented nodular hidradenoma masquerading as nodular malignant melanoma.". Dermatol Online J 14 (1): 15. PMID 18319032.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Paties, C.; Taccagni, GL.; Papotti, M.; Valente, G.; Zangrandi, A.; Aloi, F. (Jan 1993). "Apocrine carcinoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study.". Cancer 71 (2): 375-81. PMID 7678545.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 504. ISBN 978-0443066542.
  12. ↑ Rulon, DB.; Helwig, EB. (May 1977). "Papillary eccrine adenoma.". Arch Dermatol 113 (5): 596-8. PMID 857729.
  13. ↑ URL: http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=541159. Accessed on: 10 December 2012.
  14. ↑ Duke, WH.; Sherrod, TT.; Lupton, GP. (Jun 2000). "Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma revisited).". Am J Surg Pathol 24 (6): 775-84. PMID 10843279.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Laxmisha, C.; Thappa, DM.; Jayanthi, S.. "Papillary eccrine adenoma.". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 70 (6): 370-2. PMID 17642667.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Guccion, JG.; Patterson, RH.; Nayar, R.; Saini, NB.. "Papillary eccrine adenoma: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study.". Ultrastruct Pathol 22 (3): 263-9. PMID 9793207.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Mizuoka, H.; Senzaki, H.; Shikata, N.; Uemura, Y.; Tsubura, A. (Jan 1998). "Papillary eccrine adenoma: immunohistochemical study and literature review.". J Cutan Pathol 25 (1): 59-64. PMID 9508346.
  18. ↑ Fox, SB.; Cotton, DW. (Apr 1992). "Tubular apocrine adenoma and papillary eccrine adenoma. Entities or unity?". Am J Dermatopathol 14 (2): 149-54. PMID 1566975.
  19. ↑ Ishiko, A.; Shimizu, H.; Inamoto, N.; Nakmura, K. (Oct 1993). "Is tubular apocrine adenoma a distinct clinical entity?". Am J Dermatopathol 15 (5): 482-7. PMID 8238787.
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