Difference between revisions of "Neuroanatomy"

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This article covers very basic '''neuroanatomy'''.  It is essential to have a good grasp on neuroanatomy and [[neurohistology]]... before doing [[neuropathology]].
This article covers very basic '''neuroanatomy'''.  It is essential to have a good grasp on neuroanatomy and [[neurohistology]]... before doing [[neuropathology]]. 
 
''This article'' has some overlap with the ''[[neurohistology]]'' article, as there isn't a clear divider between microscopic and macroscopic.


==Anatomy==
==Anatomy==
===General===
* Central nervous system (CNS): Brain, spinal cord.
*Cortex:
**Cerebral lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula.
*Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus.
*Mesencephalon: Colliculi (superior, inferior).
*Metencephalon: Pons, cerebellum.
*Myelencephalon: Medulla.
*Ventricular system:
**Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aquaeduct, fourth ventricle, subrachnoid space.
*Meninges:
**Outer Covering, CSF circulation, buoyancy of brain.
**Falx cerebri (between hemispheres), Tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum).
<gallery>
File:Brain_autopsy_top_view.jpg | Brain: Top view
File:Brain_autopsy_bottom_view.jpg | Brain: Bottom view
File:Brain_autopsy_lateral_view.jpg | Brain: Lateral view
File:Blausen 0104 Brain x-secs SectionalPlanes.png | Orientation planes (WC/blausen staff)
File:1202_White_and_Gray_Matter.jpg | Gray and white matter
</gallery>
===Important===
===Important===
*Basal ganglia
**Includes: Nucleus caudatus, putamen, pallidum, subthalamus, substantia nigra
**Part of the forebrain.
**Caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum.
**Pallidum + putamen = lenticular nucleus.
<gallery>
File:Blausen_0076_BasalGanglia.png | Schematic overview (WC/blausen staff)
File:Basal_ganglia_1.jpg | Section with descriptions (WC/SMH)
</gallery>
*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').
*Uncus (as in ''uncal herniation'').
<gallery>
File:Uncus_animation_small.gif | Position of the uncus
File:Slide2cuc.JPG | Uncus bottom view (WC/Anatomist90)
</gallery>
*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').
*Cerebellar tonsils (as in ''tonsillar herniation'').
*Hippocampus (as in ''hippocampal sclerosis'').
<gallery>
File:Hippocampus.png | Location of the hippocampus in the brain (WC/Washington irving)
File:Human temporal lobe areas.png | Hippocampus is marked blue on this coronar section (PLoS/Talbot et al.)
File:Hippocampus macroscopy.jpg| Macroscopic specimen after formalin fixation showing hippocampus in coronar section (WC)
</gallery>


*Longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into hemispheres.
*Longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into hemispheres.
<gallery>
File:Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum.gif| Animation showing position of longitudinal fissure in the brain (WC)
File:Human brain longitudinal fissure.png | Superior view on longitudinal fissure (WC)
</gallery>
*Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure, lateral fissure) - separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe & parietal lobe.
*Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure, lateral fissure) - separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe & parietal lobe.
<gallery>
File:Lateral sulcus.gif | Animation showing position of lateral sulcus in the brain (WC)
File:Human brain lateral view description.JPG | Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 5 (WC)
</gallery>
*Central sulcus - separate ''parietal lobe'' from ''frontal lobe''.
*Central sulcus - separate ''parietal lobe'' from ''frontal lobe''.
<gallery>
File:Central sulcus animation.gif|Animation displaying position of central sulcus (WC)
File:Central sulcus superior view.png| Superior view on central sulcus (WC)
File:Human brain lateral view description.JPG | Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 6 (WC)
</gallery>
*Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon (midbrain).<ref>{{Ref Martini6|466}}</ref>
*Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon (midbrain).<ref>{{Ref Martini6|466}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:1311 Brain Stem.jpg | The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagital section of a human brain (WC)
File:Slide2RAFA.JPG | Anterior view on a formalin fixated brainstem (WC).
File:Human brain frontal (coronal) section.JPG | Coronal section through brainstem and hemispheres (WC)
</gallery>


===Less important===
===Less important===
*Glomeruli of Arnold.
====Glomeruli of Arnold====
**Over lies hippocampus.
*Over lies hippocampus.
*Calcarine cortex - occipital lobe
 
**Line of Gennari -- very thin white line in the grey matter.
====Calcarine cortex====
*Occipital lobe.
*Line of Gennari -- very thin white line in the grey matter.
**Image: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS227A.html Calcarine cortex (med.utah.edu)] as part of [http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php?offset=15&cat1=3&cat2=13&cat3=0&cat4=2&stype=n CNS collection (gfmer.ch)].
**Image: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS227A.html Calcarine cortex (med.utah.edu)] as part of [http://www.gfmer.ch/selected_images_v2/detail_list.php?offset=15&cat1=3&cat2=13&cat3=0&cat4=2&stype=n CNS collection (gfmer.ch)].
*Nucleus accumbens (NAcc) - inferior-medial to where the internal capsule ends; anterior of optic chiasm.
**Images: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif NAcc - sagittal (WC)], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG NAcc - frontal (WC)].


====Trivia====
====Nucleus accumbens====
*Abbreviated ''NAcc'' - inferior-medial to where the internal capsule ends; anterior of optic chiasm.
 
<gallery>
Image:Dopamine_and_serotonin_pathways.gif |NAcc - sagittal. (WC)
Image:Nucleus_accumbens_MRI.PNG |NAcc - frontal. (WC)
</gallery>
 
====Nucleus basalis of Meynert====
*Abbreviated ''NBM''.
*Inferior of the globus pallidus; makes acetylcholine.
 
<gallery>
Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-l-_very_low_mag.jpg | NBM - very low mag. (WC)
Image:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert_-_intermed_mag.jpg | NBM - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>
 
====Locus ceruleus====
:See also: ''[[Neurohistology#Locus_ceruleus]]''.
*Blue dots - anterior to 4th ventricle in the pons.
 
Images:
*[http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/micn/ Midbrain - interactive - shows locus ceruleus (temple.edu)].
 
===Other - trivia===
*Claustrum - thin band of grey mater in the external capsule; function uncertain.<ref>URL: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg]. Accessed on: 22 September 2010.</ref>
*Claustrum - thin band of grey mater in the external capsule; function uncertain.<ref>URL: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg]. Accessed on: 22 September 2010.</ref>
*Nerve root vs. nerve:<ref>MUN. 25 November 2010.</ref>
**Nerves have epineurium.
**Nerve roots do ''not'' have epineurium.
Notes:
*Nerve anatomy:<ref>{{Ref Martini6|438}}</ref>
**Nerve (surrounded by ''epineurium'') -> Fascicle (surrounded by ''perineurium'') -> Nerve fibre (surrounded by ''endoneurium'').


===Vascular structures===
===Vascular structures===
Line 31: Line 127:
**Branch off ''vertebral arteries''.
**Branch off ''vertebral arteries''.


Images:
====Images====
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg Circle of Willis (WP)] .
<gallery>
Image:Circle_of_Willis_en.svg | Circle of Willis. (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS334A.html Interactive schematic (utah.edu)].
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/CNS334A.html Interactive schematic (utah.edu)].


Line 47: Line 146:
#Intra-axial = inside the (middle) of spinal cord/brain.
#Intra-axial = inside the (middle) of spinal cord/brain.
#*[[AKA]] intramedullary.
#*[[AKA]] intramedullary.
#Intradural = not intra-axial, but deep to the dural.
#Intradural = not intra-axial, but deep to the dural.  
#*[[AKA]] extramedullary.  
#*[[AKA]] extramedullary.  
#*[[AKA]] extra-axial.
#Extradural = outside of dura.  
#Extradural = outside of dura.  


Line 55: Line 155:
====DDx based on location<ref>URL: [http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html]. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.</ref>====
====DDx based on location<ref>URL: [http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html]. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.</ref>====
Intra-axial:<ref name=Ref_PSNP57>{{Ref PSNP|57}}</ref>
Intra-axial:<ref name=Ref_PSNP57>{{Ref PSNP|57}}</ref>
* Glioma (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma).
* Glioma ([[astrocytoma]], oligodendroglioma, ependymoma).
* Non-glial tumours (hemangioblastoma, CNS lymphoma).
* Non-glial tumours (hemangioblastoma, CNS lymphoma).
* Metastases.
* [[Metastases]].
* Non-tumour:
* Non-tumour:
** Abscess.
** Abscess.
** Infarct.
** [[Infarct]].
** Hematoma.
** Hematoma.
Intradural:
Intradural:
* Meningioma.
* [[Meningioma]].
* Neurofibromas.
* [[Neurofibroma]]s.
* Schwannoma.
* [[Schwannoma]].
* Arachnoid cyst.
* [[Arachnoid cyst]].
Extradural:
Extradural:
* Chordoma.
* [[Chordoma]].
* Schwannoma.
* [[Schwannoma]].
* Sarcoma.
* [[Sarcoma]].
* Plasmacytoma.
* [[Plasmacytoma]].
* Primary bone tumors - osteosarcoma, osteochondroma, chondrosarcoma.
* Primary bone tumours - [[osteosarcoma]], osteochondroma, [[chondrosarcoma]].
* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).
* Mets (lung, breast, etc.).
==Neuropathological dissection (autopsy)==
Brain fixation after removal: Usually 14 days
*Check brain for:
** Lesions
** edema (might be not visible but tissue is softer than normal)
** hemorrhage
** Discolorations
** Asymmetry (midline shift)
** herniation (subfalxial, uncal, tonsillar)
** vascular abnormalities
<gallery>
File:MCA-Stroke-Brain-Human-2.JPG | Asymmetry (midline shift) indicating lesions (stroke, tumor)
File:Brain_autopsy_hemorrhage_bottom_view.JPG | Brain hemorrhage
File:Autopsy brain.jpg | Atrophy: widespread sulci, often seen in neurodegenerative diseases
File:Alexander autopsy.jpg | Brown discolorations indicating demyelinisation
</gallery>


==Sampling - sections (autopsy)==
==Sampling - sections (autopsy)==
Line 80: Line 200:
Standard histologic sections:  
Standard histologic sections:  
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|
! '''Site'''
| '''Routine'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto164>{{Ref HospAuto|164}}}}</ref>
! '''Routine'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto164>{{Ref HospAuto|164}}}}</ref>
| '''Head injury'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto174>{{Ref HospAuto|176}}}}</ref>
! '''Head injury'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto174>{{Ref HospAuto|176}}}}</ref>
| '''Epilepsy'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto179>{{Ref HospAuto|179}}}}</ref>
! '''[[Epilepsy]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto179>{{Ref HospAuto|179}}}}</ref>
| '''Dementia'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto180>{{Ref HospAuto|180}}}}</ref>
! '''[[Dementia]]'''<ref name=Ref_HospAuto180>{{Ref HospAuto|180}}}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Frontal cortex
| Frontal cortex
Line 171: Line 291:
|-
|-
|}
|}
An absolute minimum:<ref>MUN. 15 November 2010.</ref>
#Hippocampus.
#Cerebral cortex.
#Brainstem (midbrain).
#Cerebellum.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 178: Line 304:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.med.univ-rennes1.fr/etud/pharmaco/media/alzheimerGB.htm Important nuclei (univ-rennes1.fr)] - discussed in the context of [[Alzheimer's disease]].
[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Latest revision as of 08:13, 14 April 2015

This article covers very basic neuroanatomy. It is essential to have a good grasp on neuroanatomy and neurohistology... before doing neuropathology.

This article has some overlap with the neurohistology article, as there isn't a clear divider between microscopic and macroscopic.

Anatomy

General

  • Central nervous system (CNS): Brain, spinal cord.
  • Cortex:
    • Cerebral lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula.
  • Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus.
  • Mesencephalon: Colliculi (superior, inferior).
  • Metencephalon: Pons, cerebellum.
  • Myelencephalon: Medulla.
  • Ventricular system:
    • Lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aquaeduct, fourth ventricle, subrachnoid space.
  • Meninges:
    • Outer Covering, CSF circulation, buoyancy of brain.
    • Falx cerebri (between hemispheres), Tentorium cerebelli (separates cerebellum).

  • Brain: Top view

  • Brain: Bottom view

  • Brain: Lateral view

  • Orientation planes (WC/blausen staff)

  • Gray and white matter


Important

  • Basal ganglia
    • Includes: Nucleus caudatus, putamen, pallidum, subthalamus, substantia nigra
    • Part of the forebrain.
    • Caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum.
    • Pallidum + putamen = lenticular nucleus.

  • Schematic overview (WC/blausen staff)

  • Section with descriptions (WC/SMH)

  • Uncus (as in uncal herniation).

  • Position of the uncus

  • Uncus bottom view (WC/Anatomist90)

  • Cerebellar tonsils (as in tonsillar herniation).
  • Hippocampus (as in hippocampal sclerosis).

  • Location of the hippocampus in the brain (WC/Washington irving)

  • Hippocampus is marked blue on this coronar section (PLoS/Talbot et al.)

  • Macroscopic specimen after formalin fixation showing hippocampus in coronar section (WC)

  • Longitudinal fissure - divides cerebrum into hemispheres.

  • Animation showing position of longitudinal fissure in the brain (WC)

  • Superior view on longitudinal fissure (WC)

  • Lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure, lateral fissure) - separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe & parietal lobe.

  • Animation showing position of lateral sulcus in the brain (WC)

  • Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 5 (WC)

  • Central sulcus - separate parietal lobe from frontal lobe.

  • Animation displaying position of central sulcus (WC)

  • Superior view on central sulcus (WC)

  • Fixated brain, lateral view. The sulcus centralis is marked with 6 (WC)

  • Brain stem = medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon (midbrain).[1]

  • The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagital section of a human brain (WC)

  • Anterior view on a formalin fixated brainstem (WC).

  • Coronal section through brainstem and hemispheres (WC)

Less important

Glomeruli of Arnold

  • Over lies hippocampus.

Calcarine cortex

Nucleus accumbens

  • Abbreviated NAcc - inferior-medial to where the internal capsule ends; anterior of optic chiasm.

  • NAcc - sagittal. (WC)

  • NAcc - frontal. (WC)

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

  • Abbreviated NBM.
  • Inferior of the globus pallidus; makes acetylcholine.

  • NBM - very low mag. (WC)

  • NBM - intermed. mag. (WC)

Locus ceruleus

See also: Neurohistology#Locus_ceruleus.
  • Blue dots - anterior to 4th ventricle in the pons.

Images:

Other - trivia

  • Claustrum - thin band of grey mater in the external capsule; function uncertain.[2]
  • Nerve root vs. nerve:[3]
    • Nerves have epineurium.
    • Nerve roots do not have epineurium.

Notes:

  • Nerve anatomy:[4]
    • Nerve (surrounded by epineurium) -> Fascicle (surrounded by perineurium) -> Nerve fibre (surrounded by endoneurium).

Vascular structures

  • Posterior cerebellar arteries.
    • Inferior of posterior cerebral arteries.
  • Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
    • Branch off basilar artery.
  • Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries - AKA PICA.
    • Branch off vertebral arteries.

Images

  • Circle of Willis. (WC)

www:

Meninges

Deep to superficial:

  1. Pia mater.
  2. Arachanoid membrane.
    • Subarachanoid space - contains blood vessels.
  3. Dura mater.
    • Tough outer covering.

Lesion location in relation to meninges

Locations:[5]

  1. Intra-axial = inside the (middle) of spinal cord/brain.
    • AKA intramedullary.
  2. Intradural = not intra-axial, but deep to the dural.
    • AKA extramedullary.
    • AKA extra-axial.
  3. Extradural = outside of dura.
  • The above descriptors are often found in radiology reports.

DDx based on location[6]

Intra-axial:[7]

  • Glioma (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma).
  • Non-glial tumours (hemangioblastoma, CNS lymphoma).
  • Metastases.
  • Non-tumour:

Intradural:

Extradural:

Neuropathological dissection (autopsy)

Brain fixation after removal: Usually 14 days

  • Check brain for:
    • Lesions
    • edema (might be not visible but tissue is softer than normal)
    • hemorrhage
    • Discolorations
    • Asymmetry (midline shift)
    • herniation (subfalxial, uncal, tonsillar)
    • vascular abnormalities

  • Asymmetry (midline shift) indicating lesions (stroke, tumor)

  • Brain hemorrhage

  • Atrophy: widespread sulci, often seen in neurodegenerative diseases

  • Brown discolorations indicating demyelinisation


Sampling - sections (autopsy)

See autopsy.

Standard histologic sections:

Site Routine[8] Head injury[9] Epilepsy[10] Dementia[11]
Frontal cortex Y [1] Y - bilateral parasagittal [2] N Y - middle frontal gyrus [1]
Cingulate gyrus N N Y - parasagittal [1] Y [1]
Basal ganglia &
internal capsule 		Y [1] Y - bilateral with corpus callosum [2] Y - caudate, putamen,
globus palidus [1] 		Y - putamen,
globus palidus [1]
Basal ganglia,
internal capsule,
thalamus 		N Y [2] N N
Temporal lobe N N Y - superior & middle temporal gyri [2] Y - superior & middle temporal gyri [1]
Hippocampus Y [1] Y - bilateral [2] Y - also parahippocampal gyri [2] Y - also parahippocampal gyri [1]
Splenium of corpus callosum N Y [1] N N
Parietal lobe N Y - centrum semiovale (unilateral) [1] N Y - inferior [1]
Occipital cortex Y [1] N N Y [1]
Midbrain Y [1] Y [1] N Y [1]
Cerebellum (with
dentate gyrus) 		Y [1] Y - bilateral [2] Y - also vermis [2] Y [1]
Pons N Y [1] N Y [1]
Medulla Y [1] Y [1] N Y [1]
Total sections [7] [15] [8] [11]

An absolute minimum:[12]

  1. Hippocampus.
  2. Cerebral cortex.
  3. Brainstem (midbrain).
  4. Cerebellum.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Martini, Frederic H. (2003). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. pp. 466. ISBN 978-0805359336.
  2. ↑ URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg. Accessed on: 22 September 2010.
  3. ↑ MUN. 25 November 2010.
  4. ↑ Martini, Frederic H. (2003). Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (6th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. pp. 438. ISBN 978-0805359336.
  5. ↑ URL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.
  6. ↑ URL: http://www.nervous-system-diseases.com/spine-tumor.html. Accessed on: 21 September 2010.
  7. ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 57. ISBN 978-0443069826.
  8. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 164. ISBN 978-0340965146. }}
  9. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 176. ISBN 978-0340965146. }}
  10. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 179. ISBN 978-0340965146. }}
  11. ↑ Burton, Julian L.; Rutty, Guy N. (2010). The Hospital Autopsy A Manual of Fundamental Autopsy Practice (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 180. ISBN 978-0340965146. }}
  12. ↑ MUN. 15 November 2010.

External links

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