Difference between revisions of "Autoimmune hepatitis"

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'''Autoimmune hepatitis''', abbreviated ''AIH'', in an uncommon [[medical liver disease]] that occurs in adults and children.
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Autoimmune_hepatitis_-_cropped_-_very_high_mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = Autoimmune hepatitis. [[H&E stain]].
| Micro      = interface hepatitis with plasma cells, +/- bile duct injury
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[viral hepatitis]], [[primary biliary cholangitis]], AIH-[[PBC]] overlap, [[PSC]]-AIH overlap, [[drug reaction]]
| Stains    =
| IHC        =
| EM        =
| Molecular  =
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[liver]]
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx = usu. women - young or middle-aged
| Signs      =
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence = uncommon
| Bloodwork  = ANA +ve, IgG elevated, LKM-1 +ve, SMA +ve, HBV -ve, HCV -ve, HIV -ve
| Rads      =
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = poor without treatment
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = [[primary biliary cholangitis]], [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
| Tx        = corticosteroids, immunosuppression, liver transplant (end stage)
}}
'''Autoimmune hepatitis''', abbreviated '''AIH''', in an uncommon [[medical liver disease]] that occurs in adults and children.


==General==
==General==
*Several criteria exist to diagnose and histology (alone) is '''not''' sufficient.
*Several criteria exist to diagnose and histology (alone) is '''not''' sufficient.
*Classically, young and middle aged women.<ref name=pmid24367228>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Francque | first1 = S. | last2 = Vonghia | first2 = L. | last3 = Ramon | first3 = A. | last4 = Michielsen | first4 = P. | title = Epidemiology and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. | journal = Hepat Med | volume = 4 | issue =  | pages = 1-10 | month =  | year = 2012 | doi = 10.2147/HMER.S16321 | PMID = 24367228 }}</ref>
**May occur in men.
*Often a fluctuating course.
*Untreated AIH has a poor outcome.<ref name=pmid24367228/>
**Leads to [[cirrhosis]] and liver failure.


===Diagnosis===
===Diagnosis===
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|Typical AIH histo. || 2 points
|Typical AIH histo. || 2 points
|-
|-
|No viral hepatsis || 2 points
|No viral hepatitis || 2 points
|-
|-
|}
|}
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===Treatment===
===Treatment===
*Immunosuppresants (prednisone, azathioprine).<ref name=pmid19452572>Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment. Czaja AJ, Bayraktar Y. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21;15(19):2314-28. Review. PMID 19452572.</ref>
*Immunosuppresants (prednisone, azathioprine).<ref name=pmid19452572>Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment. Czaja AJ, Bayraktar Y. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21;15(19):2314-28. Review. PMID 19452572.</ref>
*Liver transplant (end-stage disease).<ref name=pmid24367228/>


==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
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***Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of portal tracts / lobule.
***Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of portal tracts / lobule.
****Periportal [[plasma cells]] - '''key feature'''.<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|448}}</ref>
****Periportal [[plasma cells]] - '''key feature'''.<ref>{{Ref PCPBoD8|448}}</ref>
**Emperipolesis - one cell penetrates into another one (uncommon finding).
**[[Emperipolesis]] - one cell penetrates into another one (uncommon finding).
**Hepatic rosette - inflammatory cells around reactive hepatocytes.<ref name=pmid20527613>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Malik | first1 = TA. | last2 = Saeed | first2 = S. | title = Autoimmune hepatitis: a review. | journal = J Pak Med Assoc | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 381-7 | month = May | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20527613 | url=http://www.jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=2051 }}</ref>
**Hepatic rosette - inflammatory cells around reactive hepatocytes.<ref name=pmid20527613>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Malik | first1 = TA. | last2 = Saeed | first2 = S. | title = Autoimmune hepatitis: a review. | journal = J Pak Med Assoc | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 381-7 | month = May | year = 2010 | doi =  | PMID = 20527613 | url=http://www.jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=2051 }}</ref>
*Compatible:
*Compatible:
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**Lots of plasma cells should prompt consideration of AIH.
**Lots of plasma cells should prompt consideration of AIH.
*Atypical Autoimmune hepatitis may have zone III involvment (lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate)<ref name=pmid19452572>Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment. Czaja AJ, Bayraktar Y. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21;15(19):2314-28. Review. PMID 19452572.</ref> and a normal IgG.<ref>FW. 21 September 2009.</ref>
*Atypical Autoimmune hepatitis may have zone III involvment (lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate)<ref name=pmid19452572>Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment. Czaja AJ, Bayraktar Y. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21;15(19):2314-28. Review. PMID 19452572.</ref> and a normal IgG.<ref>FW. 21 September 2009.</ref>
DDx:
*[[Viral hepatitis]] - should have plasma cells.
*[[Drug-induced liver injury]] - milder changes than AIH, portal [[neutrophil]]s and [[cholestasis]].<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Suzuki | first1 = A. | last2 = Brunt | first2 = EM. | last3 = Kleiner | first3 = DE. | last4 = Miquel | first4 = R. | last5 = Smyrk | first5 = TC. | last6 = Andrade | first6 = RJ. | last7 = Lucena | first7 = MI. | last8 = Castiella | first8 = A. | last9 = Lindor | first9 = K. | title = The use of liver biopsy evaluation in discrimination of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis versus drug-induced liver injury. | journal = Hepatology | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 931-9 | month = Sep | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1002/hep.24481 | PMID = 21674554 }}</ref>
*[[Primary biliary cholangitis]].
*AIH-PBC overlap.
*PSC-AIH overlap.


===Images===  
===Images===  
Table show [[AIH-nonCIR]]
{|
[[File:1 AIH 2 680x512px.tif|Expanded portal regions with dull edges suggestive of interface hepatitis (40X).]]
[[File:2 AIH 2 680x512px.tif|PAS without diastase shows interface hepatitis (200X).]]
[[File:3 AIH 2 680x512px.tif|Abundant plasma cells seen at higher power (400X).]]
[[File:4 AIH 2 680x512px.tif|PAS with diastase shows intense inflammation of portal triad stroma, with some reduplication of ductal epithelium. The patient’s vial serology and anti-microbial antibody were negative. (200X).]]
|}
Autoimmune hepatitis. Expanded portal regions with dull edges suggestive of interface hepatitis (UL 40X). PAS without diastase shows interface hepatitis (UR 200X). Abundant plasma cells seen at higher power (LL 400X). PAS with diastase shows intense inflammation of portal triad stroma, with some reduplication of ductal epithelium. The patient’s vial serology and anti-microbial antibody were negative. (LR 200X).
Table show [[AIH-CIR]]
{|
[[File:CIrrhosis Mult Cause - 1 - 400X 1369x1024px shot 04.tif|Trichrome shows blue fibrosis about hepatocyte nodules]]
[[File:CIrrhosis Mult Cause - 1 - 400X 1369x1024px shot 01.tif|Inflammation includes occasional plasma cells (yellow arrowhead)]]
[[File:CIrrhosis Mult Cause - 1 - 400X 1369x1024px shot 02.tif|Ballooning degeneration is present]]
[[File:CIrrhosis Mult Cause - 1 - 400X 1369x1024px shot 03.tif|PAS without diastase shows piecemeal necrosis (not very good on wedge biopsies in my experience)]]
|}
Chronic hepatitis with changes of autoimmune hepatitis and with cirrhosis and steatosis. Trichrome shows blue fibrosis about hepatocyte nodules with steatosis (UL, 40X). Inflammation includes occasional plasma cells (UR, 400X, yellow arrowhead at plasma cell), consistent with history of autoimmune hepatitis. Ballooning degeneration is present (LL, 400X). PAS without diastase shows piecemeal necrosis, (LR, 400X). The patient had also had diabetes.
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Autoimmune_hepatitis_-_low_mag.jpg | AIH - low mag. (WC)
Image:Autoimmune_hepatitis_-_low_mag.jpg | AIH - low mag. (WC)
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serology is suggested, if not done.
serology is suggested, if not done.


The histology is not suggestive of primary biliary cirrhosis.
The histology is not suggestive of primary biliary cholangitis.
</pre>
</pre>


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[[Category:Liver pathology]]
[[Category:Liver pathology]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Medical liver disease]]

Latest revision as of 21:01, 30 September 2021

Autoimmune hepatitis
Diagnosis in short

Autoimmune hepatitis. H&E stain.
LM interface hepatitis with plasma cells, +/- bile duct injury
LM DDx viral hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, AIH-PBC overlap, PSC-AIH overlap, drug reaction
Site liver
Clinical history usu. women - young or middle-aged
Prevalence uncommon
Blood work ANA +ve, IgG elevated, LKM-1 +ve, SMA +ve, HBV -ve, HCV -ve, HIV -ve
Prognosis poor without treatment
Clin. DDx primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis
Treatment corticosteroids, immunosuppression, liver transplant (end stage)

Autoimmune hepatitis, abbreviated AIH, in an uncommon medical liver disease that occurs in adults and children.

General

  • Several criteria exist to diagnose and histology (alone) is not sufficient.
  • Classically, young and middle aged women.[1]
    • May occur in men.
  • Often a fluctuating course.
  • Untreated AIH has a poor outcome.[1]

Diagnosis

Simplifed diagnostic criteria (2008):[2]

  1. Antibody titer.
  2. Elevated IgG.
  3. Liver pathology.
  4. Exclusion of viral hepatitis.

Details (scoring):[2]

Finding Score
ANA or SMA 1:40 1 point
ANA or SMA 1:80 2 points
LKM-1 1:40 2 points
IgG upper normal 1 point
IgG 1.1x upper limit 2 points
Histology compatible 1 point
Typical AIH histo. 2 points
No viral hepatitis 2 points

Interpretation: Definite >= 7 points. Probable = 6 points.

Notes:

  • Autoantibodies may be seen in HCV.[2]
  • A normal IgG is very unusual in AIH - but may be seen in atypical variants with zone III involvment.

Abbreviations:

  • ANA = anti-nuclear antibody.
  • SMA = smooth muscle antibody.
  • LKM-1 = liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody.

Treatment

  • Immunosuppresants (prednisone, azathioprine).[3]
  • Liver transplant (end-stage disease).[1]

Microscopic

Classification:[2]

  • Typical:
    • Interface hepatitis (zone 1).
      • Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of portal tracts / lobule.
    • Emperipolesis - one cell penetrates into another one (uncommon finding).
    • Hepatic rosette - inflammatory cells around reactive hepatocytes.[5]
  • Compatible:
    • Chronic hepatitis - lymphocytic dominant.
  • Atypical:
    • Signs of an other disease.

Notes:

  • PAS stain may be useful - find plasma cells.[6]
    • Lots of plasma cells should prompt consideration of AIH.
  • Atypical Autoimmune hepatitis may have zone III involvment (lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate)[3] and a normal IgG.[7]

DDx:



Images

Table show AIH-nonCIR

Expanded portal regions with dull edges suggestive of interface hepatitis (40X).PAS without diastase shows interface hepatitis (200X).Abundant plasma cells seen at higher power (400X).PAS with diastase shows intense inflammation of portal triad stroma, with some reduplication of ductal epithelium. The patient’s vial serology and anti-microbial antibody were negative. (200X).

Autoimmune hepatitis. Expanded portal regions with dull edges suggestive of interface hepatitis (UL 40X). PAS without diastase shows interface hepatitis (UR 200X). Abundant plasma cells seen at higher power (LL 400X). PAS with diastase shows intense inflammation of portal triad stroma, with some reduplication of ductal epithelium. The patient’s vial serology and anti-microbial antibody were negative. (LR 200X).

Table show AIH-CIR

Trichrome shows blue fibrosis about hepatocyte nodulesInflammation includes occasional plasma cells (yellow arrowhead)Ballooning degeneration is presentPAS without diastase shows piecemeal necrosis (not very good on wedge biopsies in my experience)

Chronic hepatitis with changes of autoimmune hepatitis and with cirrhosis and steatosis. Trichrome shows blue fibrosis about hepatocyte nodules with steatosis (UL, 40X). Inflammation includes occasional plasma cells (UR, 400X, yellow arrowhead at plasma cell), consistent with history of autoimmune hepatitis. Ballooning degeneration is present (LL, 400X). PAS without diastase shows piecemeal necrosis, (LR, 400X). The patient had also had diabetes.


  • AIH - low mag. (WC)

  • AIH - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • AIH - cropped - very high mag (WC)

www:

Emperipolesis:

Sign out

LIVER, RIGHT LOBE, CORE BIOPSY:
- LIVER WITH INTERFACE HEPATITIS (GRADE 2/4) WITH PLASMA CELLS.
- MODERATE FIBROSIS (STAGE 2/4).

COMMENT:
The histologic findings are compatible with autoimmune hepatitis.  Serologic findings (ANA
positive, IgG positive, viral serology negative) are noted.  Correlation with LKM-1
serology is suggested, if not done.

The histology is not suggestive of primary biliary cholangitis.

Micro

The sections show two cores of liver with an interface hepatitis with plasma cells.
Numerous eosinophils are seen focally in the portal tract. The number of ducts is 
focally increased in several portal tracts and associated with neutrophils 
(ductular reaction).

Size of biopsy: adequate.
Fragmentation: absent.
Fibrosis: Stage 2/4.
Fibrous septa: present.
Septa with curved contours: present, focally only.
Large droplet steatosis (% of hepatocytes): minimal <5%.
Ballooning of hepatocytes: absent.
Mallory-Denk bodies: absent.
Portal inflammation: present (1/4).
Interface activity: mild (1/4).
Lobular necroinflammation: not identified.
Ducts: numbers within normal limits.
Duct injury: present.
Ductular reaction: present.
Cholestasis: not apparent.
Terminal hepatic venules: present.
Iron stain: absent.
Ground glass cells with routine stains: absent.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Francque, S.; Vonghia, L.; Ramon, A.; Michielsen, P. (2012). "Epidemiology and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis.". Hepat Med 4: 1-10. doi:10.2147/HMER.S16321. PMID 24367228.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Scoring systems for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis: past, present, and future. Wiegard C, Schramm C, Lohse AW. Semin Liver Dis. 2009 Aug;29(3):254-61. Epub 2009 Aug 12. PMID 19675998
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Non-classical phenotypes of autoimmune hepatitis and advances in diagnosis and treatment. Czaja AJ, Bayraktar Y. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 May 21;15(19):2314-28. Review. PMID 19452572.
  4. ↑ Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 448. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Malik, TA.; Saeed, S. (May 2010). "Autoimmune hepatitis: a review.". J Pak Med Assoc 60 (5): 381-7. PMID 20527613. http://www.jpma.org.pk/full_article_text.php?article_id=2051.
  6. ↑ URL: http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/19/6/1097.abstract. Accessed on: 9 December 2010.
  7. ↑ FW. 21 September 2009.
  8. ↑ Suzuki, A.; Brunt, EM.; Kleiner, DE.; Miquel, R.; Smyrk, TC.; Andrade, RJ.; Lucena, MI.; Castiella, A. et al. (Sep 2011). "The use of liver biopsy evaluation in discrimination of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis versus drug-induced liver injury.". Hepatology 54 (3): 931-9. doi:10.1002/hep.24481. PMID 21674554.
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