Difference between revisions of "Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion"

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#redirect [[Gynecologic cytopathology#Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion]]
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion -- high mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = LSIL. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Micro      = nuclear membrane irregularies, nuclear hyperchromasia, +/-clear perinuclear halos (koilocytic change), +/-nuclear enlargement, large [[NC ratio]] (usually ~ 1:3), +/-mitoses (lower third)
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion]], [[squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix|squamous metaplasia]], [[reactive squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix|reactive changes]], normal cervix
| Stains    =
| IHC        = p16 -ve (or lower 1/3 +ve), Ki-67 occasional cells - lower half
| EM        =
| Molecular  =
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[uterine cervix]]
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs      = [[acetowhite lesion]]
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence = common
| Bloodwork  =
| Rads      =
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = benign, usually regresses
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = [[squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix|squamous metaplasia]]
| Tx        = follow-up - unless persistent
}}
'''Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion''', abbreviated '''LSIL''', is a pre-cancerous lesions of the [[uterine cervix]].


Increasingly, the term is being applied to other anatomical sites, e.g. [[vagina]], [[anal intraepithelial lesions|anus]].
It is in the larger category of '''[[Squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix|squamous intraepithelial lesion]]''', abbreviated '''SIL'''.
==General==
*Precursor lesion of [[cervical squamous cell carcinoma]].
*Usually associated with [[human papilloma virus]].
SIL is divided into grades:
*Low-grade.
*High-grade.
===The new and old terminology===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! SIL (current terminology)
! LSIL
! HSIL
|-
| Recent terminology
| CIN I
| CIN II, CIN III
|-
| Very old terminology
| mild dysplasia
| moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia
|-
|}
===Treatment===
Overview:
*[[LSIL]]: follow-up unless persistent. It usually regresses on its own. 
==Gross==
*[[Acetowhite epithelium|Acetowhite lesion]].<ref name=pmid19256708>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Li | first1 = W. | last2 = Venkataraman | first2 = S. | last3 = Gustafsson | first3 = U. | last4 = Oyama | first4 = JC. | last5 = Ferris | first5 = DG. | last6 = Lieberman | first6 = RW. | title = Using acetowhite opacity index for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. | journal = J Biomed Opt | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 014020 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1117/1.3079810 | PMID = 19256708 }}</ref>
==Microscopic==
Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD1075-6>{{Ref PBoD|1075-6}}</ref>
*"Koilocytic atypia":<ref name=Ref_GP146>{{Ref GP|146}}</ref>
**Clear cytoplasmic halos (perinuclear clearing).
**Nuclear enlargement.
***Classically >=3:1 enlarged nucleus:normal nucleus.
***May be mild (superficial cells = size of basal cells).
**Nuclear membrane irregularities - '''important'''.
**Nuclear hyperchromasia - '''important'''.
**Coarse chromatin.
**+/-Binucleation may be seen (cytopathic effect of [[HPV]]).<ref name=pmid11491378>{{cite journal |author=Roteli-Martins CM, Derchain SF, Martinez EZ, Siqueira SA, Alves VA, Syrjänen KJ |title=Morphological diagnosis of HPV lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is highly reproducible |journal=Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=78–80 |year=2001 |pmid=11491378 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
***Useful when present.
Note:
*Atypical cells usually close to basement membrane.
**May be seen, focally, in the upper layers.<ref name=Ref_GP146>{{Ref GP|146}}</ref>
DDx:
*[[High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion]].
*[[Squamous metaplasia of the uterine cervix]].
*[[Reactive squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix]].
*Normal cervix.
===Koilocytes versus benign squamous===
Koilocytes:
*Perinuclear clearing.
**Halo should be crystal clear.
*Nuclear changes - '''key feature'''.
**Size similar (or larger) to those in the basal layer of the epithelium.
***Nuclear enlargement should be evident on low power, i.e. 25x.<ref>V. Dube 2008.</ref>
**Nuclear hyperchromasia.
**Central location - nucleus should be in the middle of the cell.
***Benign cells have a small nucleus that is peripheral.
===Images===
<gallery>
Image: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion -- intermed mag.jpg | LSIL - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion -- p16 - intermed mag.jpg | LSIL - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion -- high mag.jpg | LSIL - high mag. (WC)
Image: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion -- very high mag.jpg | LSIL - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (2) koilocytosis.jpg| CIN I. (WC/KGH)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jian-hua_qiao_md/3987000055/ CIN 1 (flickr.com/Qiao)].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/jian-hua_qiao_md/3986999903/ CIN 1 (flickr.com/Qiao)].
*[http://www.eurocytology.eu/static/eurocytology/eng/cervical/mod6img1a.html CIN 1 (eurocytology.eu)].
==IHC==
Features:<ref name=pmid22162342>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Singh | first1 = M. | last2 = Mockler | first2 = D. | last3 = Akalin | first3 = A. | last4 = Burke | first4 = S. | last5 = Shroyer | first5 = A. | last6 = Shroyer | first6 = KR. | title = Immunocytochemical colocalization of P16(INK4a) and Ki-67 predicts CIN2/3 and AIS/adenocarcinoma. | journal = Cancer Cytopathol | volume = 120 | issue = 1 | pages = 26-34 | month = Feb | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/cncy.20188 | PMID = 22162342 }}</ref>
*p16.
**Diffuse strong staining involving at least all of the basal aspect of the epithelium = CIN II or CIN III.
**Patchy, weak positive staining = CIN I or squamous metaplasia.
*Ki-67.
**Several positive cells above basal layer suggests CIN II or CIN III.
Notes:
*Both p16 and Ki-67 are usually negative in CIN I -- 75% of cases.<ref name=pmid22104735>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jackson | first1 = JA. | last2 = Kapur | first2 = U. | last3 = Erşahin | first3 = Ç. | title = Utility of p16, Ki-67, and HPV test in diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and atrophy in women older than 50 years with 3- to 7-year follow-up. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 146-53 | month = Apr | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1177/1066896911427703 | PMID = 22104735 }}</ref>
**CIN I with p16 staining appears to have a higher risk of progression the p16 negative CIN I.<ref name=pmid19683687>{{Cite journal  | last1 = del Pino | first1 = M. | last2 = Garcia | first2 = S. | last3 = Fusté | first3 = V. | last4 = Alonso | first4 = I. | last5 = Fusté | first5 = P. | last6 = Torné | first6 = A. | last7 = Ordi | first7 = J. | title = Value of p16(INK4a) as a marker of progression/regression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1. | journal = Am J Obstet Gynecol | volume = 201 | issue = 5 | pages = 488.e1-7 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.046 | PMID = 19683687 }}</ref>
==Sign-out==
===ECC - cannot grade===
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- FRAGMENTS OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM SHOWING DYSPLASIA, SEE COMMENT.
COMMENT:
The fragments of squamous epithelium do not show full epithelial
thickness. Thus, while dysplasia is apparent, it is not possible
to distinguish low-grade from high-grade in this specimen. That said,
there is at least low grade-dysplasia. Follow-up is recommended with
re-biopsy if clinically indicated.
</pre>
===Biopsy - cannot grade===
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- AT LEAST LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL), SEE COMMENT.
- BENIGN ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM.
COMMENT:
A concerning area of dysplastic squamous epithelium is missing its surface cells. This
precludes assessment for a high-grade lesion. Follow-up is recommended with
re-biopsy if clinically indicated.
</pre>
===Cervical biopsy===
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- NO ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM IDENTIFIED.
</pre>
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.
</pre>
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- CERVICITIS, CHRONIC.
- NO ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM IDENTIFIED.
</pre>
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.
COMMENT:
A p16 stain is patchy and confined mostly to the lower aspect of the squamous epithelium.
</pre>
====CIN 1====
<pre>
UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA 1 (MILD DYSPLASIA).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.
</pre>
<pre>
COMMENT:
The Ki-67 positive cells are confined to the lower aspect of the squamous epithelium. 
A p16 stain is negative.
</pre>
<pre>
COMMENT:
A p16 immunostain is strong and diffuse in the lower aspect of squamous epithelium,
and weak and patchy in the superficial portions; this is compatible with LSIL.
</pre>
===Micro===
The sections show the transformation zone. The squamous epithelium has cells with an increased nuclear size, nuclear hyperchromasia, perinuclear clearing and irregularities in the nuclear membrane. The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is mildly increased. Occasional binucleation is identified. Mitoses are seen in the low third of the epithelium. Nucleoli are not apparent. No columnar dysplasia is identified.
==See also==
*[[Squamous intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix|Squamous intraepithelial lesion]].
*[[Uterine cervix]].
*[[Gynecologic cytopathology]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.medecine.ups-tlse.fr/dcem1/histologie/courtade/CINtec.pdf Interpretation altas for p16 staining (ups-tlse.fr)].
[[Category:Uterine cervix]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]

Latest revision as of 14:29, 6 May 2016

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
Diagnosis in short

LSIL. H&E stain.
LM nuclear membrane irregularies, nuclear hyperchromasia, +/-clear perinuclear halos (koilocytic change), +/-nuclear enlargement, large NC ratio (usually ~ 1:3), +/-mitoses (lower third)
LM DDx high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, squamous metaplasia, reactive changes, normal cervix
IHC p16 -ve (or lower 1/3 +ve), Ki-67 occasional cells - lower half
Site uterine cervix
Signs acetowhite lesion
Prevalence common
Prognosis benign, usually regresses
Clin. DDx squamous metaplasia
Treatment follow-up - unless persistent

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, abbreviated LSIL, is a pre-cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix.

Increasingly, the term is being applied to other anatomical sites, e.g. vagina, anus.

It is in the larger category of squamous intraepithelial lesion, abbreviated SIL.

General

SIL is divided into grades:

  • Low-grade.
  • High-grade.

The new and old terminology

SIL (current terminology) LSIL HSIL
Recent terminology CIN I CIN II, CIN III
Very old terminology mild dysplasia moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia

Treatment

Overview:

  • LSIL: follow-up unless persistent. It usually regresses on its own.

Gross

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • "Koilocytic atypia":[3]
    • Clear cytoplasmic halos (perinuclear clearing).
    • Nuclear enlargement.
      • Classically >=3:1 enlarged nucleus:normal nucleus.
      • May be mild (superficial cells = size of basal cells).
    • Nuclear membrane irregularities - important.
    • Nuclear hyperchromasia - important.
    • Coarse chromatin.
    • +/-Binucleation may be seen (cytopathic effect of HPV).[4]
      • Useful when present.

Note:

  • Atypical cells usually close to basement membrane.
    • May be seen, focally, in the upper layers.[3]

DDx:

Koilocytes versus benign squamous

Koilocytes:

  • Perinuclear clearing.
    • Halo should be crystal clear.
  • Nuclear changes - key feature.
    • Size similar (or larger) to those in the basal layer of the epithelium.
      • Nuclear enlargement should be evident on low power, i.e. 25x.[5]
    • Nuclear hyperchromasia.
    • Central location - nucleus should be in the middle of the cell.
      • Benign cells have a small nucleus that is peripheral.

Images

  • LSIL - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • LSIL - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • LSIL - high mag. (WC)

  • LSIL - very high mag. (WC)

  • CIN I. (WC/KGH)

www:

IHC

Features:[6]

  • p16.
    • Diffuse strong staining involving at least all of the basal aspect of the epithelium = CIN II or CIN III.
    • Patchy, weak positive staining = CIN I or squamous metaplasia.
  • Ki-67.
    • Several positive cells above basal layer suggests CIN II or CIN III.

Notes:

  • Both p16 and Ki-67 are usually negative in CIN I -- 75% of cases.[7]
    • CIN I with p16 staining appears to have a higher risk of progression the p16 negative CIN I.[8]

Sign-out

ECC - cannot grade

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- FRAGMENTS OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM SHOWING DYSPLASIA, SEE COMMENT.

COMMENT:
The fragments of squamous epithelium do not show full epithelial 
thickness. Thus, while dysplasia is apparent, it is not possible 
to distinguish low-grade from high-grade in this specimen. That said,
there is at least low grade-dysplasia. Follow-up is recommended with 
re-biopsy if clinically indicated.

Biopsy - cannot grade

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- AT LEAST LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL), SEE COMMENT.
- BENIGN ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM.

COMMENT:
A concerning area of dysplastic squamous epithelium is missing its surface cells. This
precludes assessment for a high-grade lesion. Follow-up is recommended with 
re-biopsy if clinically indicated.

Cervical biopsy

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- NO ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM IDENTIFIED.

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- CERVICITIS, CHRONIC.
- NO ENDOCERVICAL EPITHELIUM IDENTIFIED.

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- LOW-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION (LSIL).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.

COMMENT:
A p16 stain is patchy and confined mostly to the lower aspect of the squamous epithelium.

CIN 1

UTERINE CERVIX, BIOPSY:
- CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA 1 (MILD DYSPLASIA).
- TRANSFORMATION ZONE PRESENT.

COMMENT:
The Ki-67 positive cells are confined to the lower aspect of the squamous epithelium.  
A p16 stain is negative.

COMMENT:
A p16 immunostain is strong and diffuse in the lower aspect of squamous epithelium, 
and weak and patchy in the superficial portions; this is compatible with LSIL.

Micro

The sections show the transformation zone. The squamous epithelium has cells with an increased nuclear size, nuclear hyperchromasia, perinuclear clearing and irregularities in the nuclear membrane. The nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio is mildly increased. Occasional binucleation is identified. Mitoses are seen in the low third of the epithelium. Nucleoli are not apparent. No columnar dysplasia is identified.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Li, W.; Venkataraman, S.; Gustafsson, U.; Oyama, JC.; Ferris, DG.; Lieberman, RW.. "Using acetowhite opacity index for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.". J Biomed Opt 14 (1): 014020. doi:10.1117/1.3079810. PMID 19256708.
  2. ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1075-6. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nucci, Marisa R.; Oliva, Esther (2009). Gynecologic Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 146. ISBN 978-0443069208.
  4. ↑ Roteli-Martins CM, Derchain SF, Martinez EZ, Siqueira SA, Alves VA, Syrjänen KJ (2001). "Morphological diagnosis of HPV lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is highly reproducible". Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 28 (2): 78–80. PMID 11491378.
  5. ↑ V. Dube 2008.
  6. ↑ Singh, M.; Mockler, D.; Akalin, A.; Burke, S.; Shroyer, A.; Shroyer, KR. (Feb 2012). "Immunocytochemical colocalization of P16(INK4a) and Ki-67 predicts CIN2/3 and AIS/adenocarcinoma.". Cancer Cytopathol 120 (1): 26-34. doi:10.1002/cncy.20188. PMID 22162342.
  7. ↑ Jackson, JA.; Kapur, U.; Erşahin, Ç. (Apr 2012). "Utility of p16, Ki-67, and HPV test in diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and atrophy in women older than 50 years with 3- to 7-year follow-up.". Int J Surg Pathol 20 (2): 146-53. doi:10.1177/1066896911427703. PMID 22104735.
  8. ↑ del Pino, M.; Garcia, S.; Fusté, V.; Alonso, I.; Fusté, P.; Torné, A.; Ordi, J. (Nov 2009). "Value of p16(INK4a) as a marker of progression/regression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1.". Am J Obstet Gynecol 201 (5): 488.e1-7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.046. PMID 19683687.

External links

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