Difference between revisions of "Invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas"

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#redirect [[Pancreas#Invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas]]
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Pancreas_adenocarcinoma_(2)_Case_01.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. [[H&E stain]].
| Synonyms  =
| Micro      =
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[chronic pancreatitis]], [[cholangiocarcinoma]]
| Stains    =
| IHC        =
| EM        =
| Molecular  = +/-[[BRCA2]] carrier
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[pancreas]], typically head of pancreas
| Assdx      = [[pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia]], +/-[[diabetes mellitus]]
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx = +/-[[smoking]]
| Signs      =
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence = common for site
| Bloodwork  = elevated CA19-9
| Rads      = pancreatic mass
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = very poor
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = [[chronic pancreatitis]], other pancreatic tumours
| Tx        = surgery if possible
}}
'''Invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas''' is the most common type of [[pancreatic cancer]].
 
It is typically gland forming and thus also referred to as '''pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma''' and '''pancreatic adenocarcinoma'''.
 
Less specific terms that are used when the context is clear include '''[[ductal adenocarcinoma]]''' and '''[[invasive ductal carcinoma]]'''.
==General==
*Most common type of pancreatic cancer.<ref name=Ref_WMSP>{{Ref WMSP|237}}</ref>
*Location: usually in the head ~60%.
**15% in the body, 5% tail, 20% diffuse (head, body & tail).<ref name=Ref_PBoD950>{{Ref PBoD|950}}</ref>
**The vast majority of pancreatic cancers are solitary, but multifocal disease can occur.
*Abysmal prognosis.
 
Risk factors:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_471>{{Ref PCPBoD8|471}}</ref>
*Smoking (RR ~ 2).
*Pancreatitis.
*Family history, esp. [[BRCA2]].
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] - modest risk increase (RR ~ 1.5-2).
*Previous gastrectomy.
*Heavy drinking of alcohol may weakly increase risk.
 
Molecular characteristics:<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_470-1>{{Ref PCPBoD8|470-1}}</ref><ref name=pmid19896096>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Furukawa | first1 = T. | title = Molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer: implications for molecular targeting therapy. | journal = Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 7 | issue = 11 Suppl | pages = S35-9 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.07.035 | PMID = 19896096 }}</ref>
#KRAS (oncogene) mutation in ~ 90% of cases.
#CDKN2A<ref name=omim600160>{{OMIM|600160}}</ref> ([[AKA]] p16) inactivation ~ 95% of cases.
#TP53 (AKA p53).
#SMAD4.
 
Clinical:
*Serum CA19-9 - >2504 U/ml predicts outcome.<ref name=pmid28924968>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Usón Junior | first1 = PLS. | last2 = Callegaro-Filho | first2 = D. | last3 = Bugano | first3 = DDG. | last4 = Moura | first4 = F. | last5 = Maluf | first5 = FC. | title = Predictive Value of Serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) for Early Mortality in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. | journal = J Gastrointest Cancer | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 481-486 | month = Dec | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1007/s12029-017-0007-x | PMID = 28924968 }}</ref>
 
==Gross==
Features:<ref name="pmid2015921">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hermanek | first1 = P. | title = Staging of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma. | journal = Eur J Surg Oncol | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 167-72 | month = Apr | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 2015921 }}</ref>
*Firm, sclerotic and poorly defined masses that replace the normal lobular architecture of the gland.
*Cut surface are yellow to white.
*The mean diameter of pancreatic head tumor is between 2.5-3.5cm.
 
==Microscopic==
Features:<ref name=Ref_PBoD951>{{Ref PBoD|951}}</ref>
*Often glandular, may be solid.
*Nuclei.
**May be bland - little pleomorphism.
**Often small nuclei.
**Sometimes [[coffee-bean nuclei|coffee-bean]] appearance.
*Cytoplasm - granular, abundant.
*Quasi endocrine look.
**May stain positive for endocrine markers.
 
Other features:
*+/-Necrosis.
*+/-Myxoid degeneration.
*+/-Cells around vessels.
 
DDx:
*[[Chronic pancreatitis]].<ref name=pmid16273946>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Adsay | first1 = NV. | last2 = Bandyopadhyay | first2 = S. | last3 = Basturk | first3 = O. | last4 = Othman | first4 = M. | last5 = Cheng | first5 = JD. | last6 = Klöppel | first6 = G. | last7 = Klimstra | first7 = DS. | title = Chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma? | journal = Semin Diagn Pathol | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | pages = 268-76 | month = Nov | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 16273946 }}</ref>
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma]].
*[[Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia]] (PanIN).
 
===Images===
<gallery>
Image:Pancreas_adenocarcinoma_(3)_Case_01.jpg | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (WC)
Image:Pancreas_adenocarcinoma_(2)_Case_01.jpg | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (WC)
Image:Pancreas_neoplasia_carcinoma_sequence.png | Normal pancreas, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic carcinoma (WC)
Image:Pancreas_FNA;_adenocarcinoma_vs._normal_ductal_epithelium_(200x).jpg| Pancreatic adenocarcinoma - cytopathology (WC)
</gallery>
www:
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case384.html Pancreatic adenocarcinoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
 
==IHC==
Features:<ref name=Ref_Lester3>{{Ref Lester3|94}}</ref>
*CD7 +ve.
*CD20 +ve.
*SMAD4 -ve ~55% of cases -- stomach usually +ve.
*CDX2 -ve/+ve.
*CEA +ve.<ref name=pmid16183479>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Adsay | first1 = NV. | last2 = Basturk | first2 = O. | last3 = Cheng | first3 = JD. | last4 = Andea | first4 = AA. | title = Ductal neoplasia of the pancreas: nosologic, clinicopathologic, and biologic aspects. | journal = Semin Radiat Oncol | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 254-64 | month = Oct | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.semradonc.2005.04.001 | PMID = 16183479 }}</ref>
 
==Sign out==
<pre>
MASS, PANCREAS, CORE BIOPSY:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.
</pre>
 
Note:
*On biopsy, it isn't easy to separate from [[cholangiocarcinoma]]. Thus, it is better to stay vague.
 
==See also==
*[[Pancreas]].
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Pancreas]]

Latest revision as of 16:17, 28 December 2018

Invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas
Diagnosis in short

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. H&E stain.
LM DDx chronic pancreatitis, cholangiocarcinoma
Molecular +/-BRCA2 carrier
Site pancreas, typically head of pancreas
Associated Dx pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, +/-diabetes mellitus
Clinical history +/-smoking
Prevalence common for site
Blood work elevated CA19-9
Radiology pancreatic mass
Prognosis very poor
Clin. DDx chronic pancreatitis, other pancreatic tumours
Treatment surgery if possible

Invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas is the most common type of pancreatic cancer.

It is typically gland forming and thus also referred to as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Less specific terms that are used when the context is clear include ductal adenocarcinoma and invasive ductal carcinoma.

General

  • Most common type of pancreatic cancer.[1]
  • Location: usually in the head ~60%.
    • 15% in the body, 5% tail, 20% diffuse (head, body & tail).[2]
    • The vast majority of pancreatic cancers are solitary, but multifocal disease can occur.
  • Abysmal prognosis.

Risk factors:[3]

  • Smoking (RR ~ 2).
  • Pancreatitis.
  • Family history, esp. BRCA2.
  • Diabetes mellitus - modest risk increase (RR ~ 1.5-2).
  • Previous gastrectomy.
  • Heavy drinking of alcohol may weakly increase risk.

Molecular characteristics:[4][5]

  1. KRAS (oncogene) mutation in ~ 90% of cases.
  2. CDKN2A[6] (AKA p16) inactivation ~ 95% of cases.
  3. TP53 (AKA p53).
  4. SMAD4.

Clinical:

  • Serum CA19-9 - >2504 U/ml predicts outcome.[7]

Gross

Features:[8]

  • Firm, sclerotic and poorly defined masses that replace the normal lobular architecture of the gland.
  • Cut surface are yellow to white.
  • The mean diameter of pancreatic head tumor is between 2.5-3.5cm.

Microscopic

Features:[9]

  • Often glandular, may be solid.
  • Nuclei.
    • May be bland - little pleomorphism.
    • Often small nuclei.
    • Sometimes coffee-bean appearance.
  • Cytoplasm - granular, abundant.
  • Quasi endocrine look.
    • May stain positive for endocrine markers.

Other features:

  • +/-Necrosis.
  • +/-Myxoid degeneration.
  • +/-Cells around vessels.

DDx:

Images

  • Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (WC)

  • Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (WC)

  • Normal pancreas, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatic carcinoma (WC)

  • Pancreatic adenocarcinoma - cytopathology (WC)

www:

IHC

Features:[11]

  • CD7 +ve.
  • CD20 +ve.
  • SMAD4 -ve ~55% of cases -- stomach usually +ve.
  • CDX2 -ve/+ve.
  • CEA +ve.[12]

Sign out

MASS, PANCREAS, CORE BIOPSY:
- ADENOCARCINOMA, MODERATELY DIFFERENTIATED.

Note:

  • On biopsy, it isn't easy to separate from cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, it is better to stay vague.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Humphrey, Peter A; Dehner, Louis P; Pfeifer, John D (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgical Pathology (1st ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 237. ISBN 978-0781765275.
  2. ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 950. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  3. ↑ Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 471. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  4. ↑ Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 470-1. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  5. ↑ Furukawa, T. (Nov 2009). "Molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer: implications for molecular targeting therapy.". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7 (11 Suppl): S35-9. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.07.035. PMID 19896096.
  6. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 600160
  7. ↑ Usón Junior, PLS.; Callegaro-Filho, D.; Bugano, DDG.; Moura, F.; Maluf, FC. (Dec 2018). "Predictive Value of Serum Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) for Early Mortality in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.". J Gastrointest Cancer 49 (4): 481-486. doi:10.1007/s12029-017-0007-x. PMID 28924968.
  8. ↑ Hermanek, P. (Apr 1991). "Staging of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.". Eur J Surg Oncol 17 (2): 167-72. PMID 2015921.
  9. ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 951. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
  10. ↑ Adsay, NV.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Basturk, O.; Othman, M.; Cheng, JD.; Klöppel, G.; Klimstra, DS. (Nov 2004). "Chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?". Semin Diagn Pathol 21 (4): 268-76. PMID 16273946.
  11. ↑ Lester, Susan Carole (2010). Manual of Surgical Pathology (3rd ed.). Saunders. pp. 94. ISBN 978-0-323-06516-0.
  12. ↑ Adsay, NV.; Basturk, O.; Cheng, JD.; Andea, AA. (Oct 2005). "Ductal neoplasia of the pancreas: nosologic, clinicopathologic, and biologic aspects.". Semin Radiat Oncol 15 (4): 254-64. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2005.04.001. PMID 16183479.
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