Difference between revisions of "Pleomorphic adenoma"

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#redirect [[Salivary_glands#Pleomorphic_adenoma]]
{{ Infobox diagnosis
| Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
| Image      = Pleomorphic_adenoma_%281%29_parotid_gland.jpg
| Width      =
| Caption    = Pleomorphic adenoma. [[H&E stain]]. (WC/KGH)
| Synonyms    = benign mixed tumour
| Micro      = proliferation of myoepithelium in a mesenchymal stroma +/- epithelium; cells in ducts = epithelial, cells not in ducts = myoepithelial, mesenchymal stroma = [[chondromyxoid stroma|chondroid]] stroma (specific), others (require epithelium) mucochondroid, hyalinized, osseous, fatty, myxoid
| Subtypes  =
| LMDDx      = [[myoepithelioma]], [[carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma]], [[epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma]], [[polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma]], [[adenoid cystic carcinoma]]
| Stains    =
| IHC        = S-100 +ve, SMA +ve, GFAP +ve
| EM        =
| Molecular  =
| IF        =
| Gross      =
| Grossing  =
| Site      = [[salivary gland]] - usu. parotid gland, [[oral cavity]], other sites
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  =
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs      = mass lesion
| Symptoms  =
| Prevalence = common
| Bloodwork  =
| Rads      =
| Endoscopy  =
| Prognosis  = benign
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = other [[salivary gland]] tumours
}}
'''Pleomorphic adenoma''', abbreviated '''PA''', is a very common benign [[salivary gland]] tumour.
 
It is also known as '''benign mixed tumour'''.<ref>URL: [http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleomorphic-adenoma-of-the-salivary-glands http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleomorphic-adenoma-of-the-salivary-glands]. Accessed on: 30 March 2016.</ref><ref name=pmid19926180>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lingam | first1 = RK. | last2 = Daghir | first2 = AA. | last3 = Nigar | first3 = E. | last4 = Abbas | first4 = SA. | last5 = Kumar | first5 = M. | title = Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumour) of the salivary glands: its diverse clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentation. | journal = Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 14-20 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.09.014 | PMID = 19926180 }}</ref>
==General==
Features:
*Very common - approx. 60% of parotid gland tumours.<ref name=Ref_HaNP295>{{Ref HaNP|295}}</ref>
*May transform into a malignant tumour.
**Other benign salivary gland tumours do not do this.
*Only benign childhood salivary gland tumour of significance.
 
===Weinreb's dictums===
#Most common salivary tumour in all age groups.
#Seen in all sites (unlike other benign tumours).
#Recurrence and malignancy risk (unlike other benign salivary gland tumours).
#Any part of a tumour that looks like PA makes it a PA.
 
==Gross==
*May have [[cartilage|cartilaginous]] appearance.
*Typically well-circumscribed.
 
Image:
*[http://screening.iarc.fr/atlasoral_detail.php?flag=1&lang=1&Id=C0100002&cat=C1 PA in situ (iarc.fr)].
 
==Microscopic==
Features:<ref name=Ref_HaNP295>{{Ref HaNP|295}}</ref>
*Proliferation of myoepithelium and epithelium (ductal cells) in mesenchymal stroma.
**Cells in ducts = epithelial.
**Cells not in ducts = myoepithelial.<ref name=IW_10jan2011>Weinreb I. 10 January 2011.</ref>
*Mesenchymal stroma - '''important feature'''.
**May be any of following: [[myxoid stroma|myxoid]], mucochondroid, hyalinized, osseous, fatty.
***[[chondromyxoid stroma|Chondroid]] = specific for PA; can diagnose PA without an epithelial (ductal) component if chondroid is present.
***Myxoid = not specific for PA.
 
Notes:
*Mesenchymal stroma not required for diagnosis -- if >5% ducts.<ref name=IW_10jan2011>Weinreb I. 10 January 2011.</ref>
**No chondroid stroma ''and'' <5% ductal cells = '''[[myoepithelioma]]'''.
*Look for, i.e. rule-out, poorly differentiated carcinoma: ''carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma''.
 
Memory device: '''MEC''' = '''m'''yoepithelium, '''e'''pithelium, '''c'''hondromyxoid stroma.
 
DDx:
*[[Myoepithelioma]].
*[[Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma]].
*[[Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma]].
*[[Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma]].
*[[Adenoid cystic carcinoma]].
*[[Mucoepidermoid carcinoma]] - occasionally.<ref name=pmid15754364>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Siddiqui | first1 = NH. | last2 = Wu | first2 = SJ. | title = Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of cystic pleomorphic adenoma with adnexa-like differentiation mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a case report. | journal = Diagn Cytopathol | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 229-32 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1002/dc.20215 | PMID = 15754364 }}</ref>
 
===Images===
====Case 1====
<gallery>
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_%281%29_parotid_gland.jpg | PA. (WC/KGH)
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_%282%29_parotid_gland.jpg | PA. (WC/KGH)
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_%283%29_parotid_gland.jpg | PA. (WC/KGH)
Image:Pleomorphic_adenoma_%284%29_parotid_gland.jpg | PA. (WC/KGH)
</gallery>
====Case 2====
<gallery>
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cell block -- intermed mag.jpg | PA - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cell block -- high mag.jpg | PA - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image: Pleomorphic adenoma - cell block -- very high mag.jpg | PA - intermed. mag. (WC)
</gallery>
====www====
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=7&Case=111 PA - myxoid stroma (webpathology.com)].
 
==IHC==
*S-100 +ve.
*SMA +ve.
*GFAP +ve.
 
==Sign out==
<pre>
Left Partial Parotid, Partial Parotidectomy:
- Pleomorphic adenoma.
- Three benign lymph nodes.
- NEGATIVE for malignancy.
</pre>
 
===Block letters===
<pre>
PAROTID GLAND MASS, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA.
- FOUR BENIGN LYMPH NODES.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
 
Note:
*Complete excision is often elusive; stating "completely excised" on a surgical pathology report is unwise.<ref name=IW_10jan2011>Weinreb I. 10 January 2011.</ref>
 
===Micro===
The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component, on a background of a chondromyxoid stroma. The lesion is encapsulated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue.  No nuclear atypia is apparent. Mitotic activity is not identified.
 
Unremarkable parotid gland and lymph nodes are present.
 
====Alternate====
The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component,
on a background of a myxoid stroma. The lesion is mostly encapsulated by a thin layer of
fibrous tissue. A small focus of macrophages is present. Significant nuclear atypia is
not identified.  Mitotic activity is not apparent.  Unremarkable parotid gland and a
morphologically benign lymph node are present. Ink is seen on the tumour.
 
====Biopsy====
The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component, on a background of a chondromyxoid stroma. No nuclear atypia is apparent. Mitotic activity is not identified.
 
<pre>
The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: CK7, S-100, SMA, GFAP (patchy).
NEGATIVE: (none).
PROLIFERATION (Ki-67): <2%.
</pre>
 
==See also==
*[[Salivary glands]].
*[[Salivary gland cytopathology]].
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 


[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Salivary gland]]

Latest revision as of 16:21, 30 November 2023

Pleomorphic adenoma
Diagnosis in short

Pleomorphic adenoma. H&E stain. (WC/KGH)
Synonyms benign mixed tumour
LM proliferation of myoepithelium in a mesenchymal stroma +/- epithelium; cells in ducts = epithelial, cells not in ducts = myoepithelial, mesenchymal stroma = chondroid stroma (specific), others (require epithelium) mucochondroid, hyalinized, osseous, fatty, myxoid
LM DDx myoepithelioma, carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma
IHC S-100 +ve, SMA +ve, GFAP +ve
Site salivary gland - usu. parotid gland, oral cavity, other sites
Signs mass lesion
Prevalence common
Prognosis benign
Clin. DDx other salivary gland tumours

Pleomorphic adenoma, abbreviated PA, is a very common benign salivary gland tumour.

It is also known as benign mixed tumour.[1][2]

General

Features:

  • Very common - approx. 60% of parotid gland tumours.[3]
  • May transform into a malignant tumour.
    • Other benign salivary gland tumours do not do this.
  • Only benign childhood salivary gland tumour of significance.

Weinreb's dictums

  1. Most common salivary tumour in all age groups.
  2. Seen in all sites (unlike other benign tumours).
  3. Recurrence and malignancy risk (unlike other benign salivary gland tumours).
  4. Any part of a tumour that looks like PA makes it a PA.

Gross

Image:

Microscopic

Features:[3]

  • Proliferation of myoepithelium and epithelium (ductal cells) in mesenchymal stroma.
    • Cells in ducts = epithelial.
    • Cells not in ducts = myoepithelial.[4]
  • Mesenchymal stroma - important feature.
    • May be any of following: myxoid, mucochondroid, hyalinized, osseous, fatty.
      • Chondroid = specific for PA; can diagnose PA without an epithelial (ductal) component if chondroid is present.
      • Myxoid = not specific for PA.

Notes:

  • Mesenchymal stroma not required for diagnosis -- if >5% ducts.[4]
  • Look for, i.e. rule-out, poorly differentiated carcinoma: carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.

Memory device: MEC = myoepithelium, epithelium, chondromyxoid stroma.

DDx:

Images

Case 1

  • PA. (WC/KGH)

  • PA. (WC/KGH)

  • PA. (WC/KGH)

  • PA. (WC/KGH)

Case 2

  • PA - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • PA - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • PA - intermed. mag. (WC)

www

IHC

  • S-100 +ve.
  • SMA +ve.
  • GFAP +ve.

Sign out

Left Partial Parotid, Partial Parotidectomy:
- Pleomorphic adenoma.
- Three benign lymph nodes.
- NEGATIVE for malignancy.

Block letters

PAROTID GLAND MASS, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA.
- FOUR BENIGN LYMPH NODES.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

Note:

  • Complete excision is often elusive; stating "completely excised" on a surgical pathology report is unwise.[4]

Micro

The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component, on a background of a chondromyxoid stroma. The lesion is encapsulated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. No nuclear atypia is apparent. Mitotic activity is not identified.

Unremarkable parotid gland and lymph nodes are present.

Alternate

The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component, on a background of a myxoid stroma. The lesion is mostly encapsulated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. A small focus of macrophages is present. Significant nuclear atypia is not identified. Mitotic activity is not apparent. Unremarkable parotid gland and a morphologically benign lymph node are present. Ink is seen on the tumour.

Biopsy

The sections show a lesion with spindled (myoepithelial) cells and an epithelial component, on a background of a chondromyxoid stroma. No nuclear atypia is apparent. Mitotic activity is not identified. 

The tumour stains as follows:
POSITIVE: CK7, S-100, SMA, GFAP (patchy).
NEGATIVE: (none).
PROLIFERATION (Ki-67): <2%.

See also

References

  1. ↑ URL: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleomorphic-adenoma-of-the-salivary-glands. Accessed on: 30 March 2016.
  2. ↑ Lingam, RK.; Daghir, AA.; Nigar, E.; Abbas, SA.; Kumar, M. (Jan 2011). "Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumour) of the salivary glands: its diverse clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentation.". Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49 (1): 14-20. doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.09.014. PMID 19926180.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Thompson, Lester D. R. (2006). Head and Neck Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 295. ISBN 978-0443069604.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Weinreb I. 10 January 2011.
  5. ↑ Siddiqui, NH.; Wu, SJ. (Apr 2005). "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of cystic pleomorphic adenoma with adnexa-like differentiation mimicking mucoepidermoid carcinoma: a case report.". Diagn Cytopathol 32 (4): 229-32. doi:10.1002/dc.20215. PMID 15754364.
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