Difference between revisions of "Nephrogenic adenoma"
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{{ Infobox diagnosis | {{ Infobox diagnosis | ||
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} | | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
| Image = Nephrogenic_adenoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | | Image = Nephrogenic_adenoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg | ||
| Width = | | Width = | ||
| Caption = Nephrogenic adenoma. [[H&E stain]]. | | Caption = Nephrogenic adenoma. [[H&E stain]]. | ||
| Micro = tubular structures with a microcystic appearance lined by | | Synonyms = mesonephric adenoma, nephrogenic metaplasia | ||
| Micro = classically tubular structures with a microcystic appearance lined by [[hobnail]]ed cells +/-thick eosinophilic basement membrane; may have tubulocystic, polypoid, papillary or fibromyxoid architecture; usually associated with chronic inflammation | |||
| Subtypes = | | Subtypes = | ||
| LMDDx = [[urothelial carcinoma]] microcystic and nested variants, [[prostatic adenocarcinoma]], | | LMDDx = [[urothelial carcinoma]] microcystic and nested variants, [[prostatic adenocarcinoma]], [[clear cell adenocarcinoma]] ([[clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra]], [[clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder]], metastatic clear cell adenocarcinoma) | ||
[[clear cell adenocarcinoma]] | |||
| Stains = | | Stains = | ||
| IHC = CK7 +ve, PAX8 +ve, p53 -ve, CEA -ve, Ki-67 low (<5%) | | IHC = CK7 +ve, PAX8 +ve, p53 -ve, CEA -ve, Ki-67 low (<5%) | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
| Bloodwork = | | Bloodwork = | ||
| Rads = | | Rads = | ||
| Endoscopy = | | Endoscopy = occasionally a papillary-like mass ''or'' flat velvety lesion | ||
| Prognosis = benign | | Prognosis = benign | ||
| Other = | | Other = | ||
| ClinDDx = | | ClinDDx = no treatment necessary (?) | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nephrogenic adenoma''', also known as '''mesonephric adenoma''',<ref name=pmid21716880>{{Cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = KJ. | title = Mesonephric adenoma in remnant ureteric stump: A rare entity. | journal = Indian J Urol | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 140-1 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.4103/0970-1591.78414 | PMID = 21716880 }}</ref> and '''nephrogenic metaplasia''', is a rare lesion that is classically in the [[urinary bladder]] and can mimic [[adenocarcinoma]]. | '''Nephrogenic adenoma''', also known as '''mesonephric adenoma''',<ref name=pmid21716880>{{Cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = KJ. | title = Mesonephric adenoma in remnant ureteric stump: A rare entity. | journal = Indian J Urol | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 140-1 | month = Jan | year = 2011 | doi = 10.4103/0970-1591.78414 | PMID = 21716880 }}</ref> and '''nephrogenic metaplasia''', is a rare lesion that is classically in the [[urinary bladder]] and can mimic [[adenocarcinoma]]. | ||
It should '''not''' be confused with ''[[metanephric adenoma]]''. | |||
==General== | ==General== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 40: | ||
**Also reported in ureter and prostatic urethra. | **Also reported in ureter and prostatic urethra. | ||
*It is thought to result from displacement of renal tubular cells, as this entity in renal transplant recipients is graft derived.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mazal | first1 = PR. | last2 = Schaufler | first2 = R. | last3 = Altenhuber-Müller | first3 = R. | last4 = Haitel | first4 = A. | last5 = Watschinger | first5 = B. | last6 = Kratzik | first6 = C. | last7 = Krupitza | first7 = G. | last8 = Regele | first8 = H. | last9 = Meisl | first9 = FT. | title = Derivation of nephrogenic adenomas from renal tubular cells in kidney-transplant recipients. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 347 | issue = 9 | pages = 653-9 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa013413 | PMID = 12200552 }}</ref> | *It is thought to result from displacement of renal tubular cells, as this entity in renal transplant recipients is graft derived.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mazal | first1 = PR. | last2 = Schaufler | first2 = R. | last3 = Altenhuber-Müller | first3 = R. | last4 = Haitel | first4 = A. | last5 = Watschinger | first5 = B. | last6 = Kratzik | first6 = C. | last7 = Krupitza | first7 = G. | last8 = Regele | first8 = H. | last9 = Meisl | first9 = FT. | title = Derivation of nephrogenic adenomas from renal tubular cells in kidney-transplant recipients. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 347 | issue = 9 | pages = 653-9 | month = Aug | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa013413 | PMID = 12200552 }}</ref> | ||
==Gross== | |||
Features: | |||
*Usually an incidental finding only seen on microscopy. | |||
*May manifest as: | |||
**A papillary-like mass.<ref name=amin2-27>{{Ref Amin|2-27}}</ref> | |||
**A flat velvety lesion with an irregular border.<ref name=amin2-27>{{Ref Amin|2-27}}</ref> | |||
==Microscopic== | ==Microscopic== | ||
Features:<ref name=pmid12118115>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gokaslan | first1 = ST. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = JE. | last3 = Albores-Saavedra | first3 = J. | title = Symptomatic nephrogenic metaplasia of ureter: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 765-70 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000019578.51568.24 | PMID = 12118115 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n7/full/3880603a.html }}</ref> | Features:<ref name=pmid12118115>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gokaslan | first1 = ST. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = JE. | last3 = Albores-Saavedra | first3 = J. | title = Symptomatic nephrogenic metaplasia of ureter: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 765-70 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000019578.51568.24 | PMID = 12118115 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n7/full/3880603a.html }}</ref> | ||
*Tubular structures - | *Tubular structures - the classic morphology. † | ||
** | **Lined by a single cell layer - classically [[hobnail]]ed. ‡ | ||
**+/-Thick eosinophilic basement membrane. | **+/-Thick eosinophilic basement membrane. | ||
** | **Typically microcystic appearance. | ||
*Usually associated with chronic inflammation. | *Usually associated with chronic inflammation. | ||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
*May mimic vascular/lymphatic channels - can be sorted-out with IHC. | *May mimic vascular/lymphatic channels - can be sorted-out with IHC. | ||
*† May be tubulocystic, polypoid, papillary or fibromyxoid.<ref name=pmid23328975>{{Cite journal | last1 = Piña-Oviedo | first1 = S. | last2 = Shen | first2 = SS. | last3 = Truong | first3 = LD. | last4 = Ayala | first4 = AG. | last5 = Ro | first5 = JY. | title = Flat pattern of nephrogenic adenoma: previously unrecognized pattern unveiled using PAX2 and PAX8 immunohistochemistry. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 792-8 | month = Jun | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.2012.239 | PMID = 23328975 }}</ref> | |||
*‡ May be flat.<ref name=pmid23328975/> | |||
*Should not have [[necrosis]] or mitoses. | |||
DDx: | DDx: | ||
*[[Urothelial carcinoma]], microcystic and nested variants. | *[[Urothelial carcinoma]], microcystic and nested variants. | ||
*[[Clear cell adenocarcinoma]]. | |||
**[[Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra]]. | |||
**[[Mesonephroid adenocarcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Doddamani | first1 = D. | last2 = Ansari | first2 = MS. | last3 = Gupta | first3 = NP. | last4 = Aron | first4 = M. | last5 = Singh | first5 = I. | last6 = Datta Gupta | first6 = S. | title = Mesonephroid adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urethra: a case report. | journal = Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-9 | month = | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 11999207 }}</ref> (also known as ''clear cell carcinoma''<ref name=pmid23772302>{{Cite journal | last1 = Abbas | first1 = M. | last2 = Kramer | first2 = MW. | last3 = Wolters | first3 = M. | last4 = Herrman | first4 = TR. | last5 = Becker | first5 = JU. | last6 = Kreipe | first6 = HH. | title = Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, mesonephroid type: a rare case. | journal = Rare Tumors | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = e3 | month = Feb | year = 2013 | doi = 10.4081/rt.2013.e3 | PMID = 23772302 }}</ref>) - may be deceptively bland. | |||
*[[Prostatic adenocarcinoma]]. | *[[Prostatic adenocarcinoma]]. | ||
*[[Clear cell | |||
*Metastatic tumours. | |||
**[[Clear cell renal cell carcinoma]]. | |||
**Other [[clear cell tumours]]. | |||
===Images=== | ===Images=== | ||
| Line 67: | Line 85: | ||
==IHC== | ==IHC== | ||
Features:<ref name=pmid22415059>{{Cite journal | last1 = Alexiev | first1 = BA. | last2 = Levea | first2 = CM. | title = Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Urinary Tract: A Review. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1177/1066896912439095 | PMID = 22415059 }}</ref> | Features:<ref name=pmid22415059>{{Cite journal | last1 = Alexiev | first1 = BA. | last2 = Levea | first2 = CM. | title = Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Urinary Tract: A Review. | journal = Int J Surg Pathol | volume = | issue = | pages = | month = Mar | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1177/1066896912439095 | PMID = 22415059 }}</ref> | ||
*CK7 +ve. | *[[CK7]] +ve. | ||
*PAX2 +ve. | *PAX2 +ve.<ref name=pmid16400326>{{Cite journal | last1 = Tong | first1 = GX. | last2 = Melamed | first2 = J. | last3 = Mansukhani | first3 = M. | last4 = Memeo | first4 = L. | last5 = Hernandez | first5 = O. | last6 = Deng | first6 = FM. | last7 = Chiriboga | first7 = L. | last8 = Waisman | first8 = J. | title = PAX2: a reliable marker for nephrogenic adenoma. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 356-63 | month = Mar | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800535 | PMID = 16400326 }}</ref> | ||
*PAX8 +ve. | *[[PAX8]] +ve. | ||
*AMACR +ve/-ve. | *[[AMACR]] +ve/-ve. | ||
Others:<ref name=pmid12118115>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gokaslan | first1 = ST. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = JE. | last3 = Albores-Saavedra | first3 = J. | title = Symptomatic nephrogenic metaplasia of ureter: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 765-70 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000019578.51568.24 | PMID = 12118115 }}</ref> | Others:<ref name=pmid12118115>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gokaslan | first1 = ST. | last2 = Krueger | first2 = JE. | last3 = Albores-Saavedra | first3 = J. | title = Symptomatic nephrogenic metaplasia of ureter: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 765-70 | month = Jul | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000019578.51568.24 | PMID = 12118115 | url = http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n7/full/3880603a.html }}</ref> | ||
*p53 -ve. | *p53 -ve. | ||
*CEA -ve. | *[[CEA]] -ve. | ||
*Ki-67 low (<5%). | *Ki-67 low (<5%). | ||
*[[MUC1]] +ve. | |||
**Marks distal renal tubule.<ref name=pmid19730362>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fromont | first1 = G. | last2 = Barcat | first2 = L. | last3 = Gaudin | first3 = J. | last4 = Irani | first4 = J. | title = Revisiting the immunophenotype of nephrogenic adenoma. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 33 | issue = 11 | pages = 1654-8 | month = Nov | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181b40061 | PMID = 19730362 }}</ref> | |||
*PSA -ve.<ref name=pmid7512941>{{Cite journal | last1 = Malpica | first1 = A. | last2 = Ro | first2 = JY. | last3 = Troncoso | first3 = P. | last4 = Ordoñez | first4 = NG. | last5 = Amin | first5 = MB. | last6 = Ayala | first6 = AG. | title = Nephrogenic adenoma of the prostatic urethra involving the prostate gland: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eight cases. | journal = Hum Pathol | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 390-5 | month = Apr | year = 1994 | doi = | PMID = 7512941 }}</ref> | |||
*[[PSAP]] -ve.<ref name=pmid7512941/> | |||
*CD34 -ve.<ref name=pmid9665475>{{Cite journal | last1 = Aldenborg | first1 = F. | last2 = Peeker | first2 = R. | last3 = Fall | first3 = M. | last4 = Olofsson | first4 = A. | last5 = Enerbäck | first5 = L. | title = Metaplastic transformation of urinary bladder epithelium: effect on mast cell recruitment, distribution, and phenotype expression. | journal = Am J Pathol | volume = 153 | issue = 1 | pages = 149-57 | month = Jul | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65555-1 | PMID = 9665475 }}</ref> (???) | |||
*p63 -ve (0/32 cases<ref name=pmid23939154>{{Cite journal | last1 = Shen | first1 = Q. | last2 = Sun | first2 = LH. | last3 = Wang | first3 = JH. | last4 = Liu | first4 = LB. | last5 = He | first5 = Q. | last6 = Jin | first6 = J. | title = [Pathological and immunohistochemical analyses of 32 cases of nephrogenic adenoma]. | journal = Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 522-6 | month = Aug | year = 2013 | doi = | PMID = 23939154 }}</ref> ). | |||
*[[CK20]] -ve usually (6 +ve of 32 cases<ref name=pmid23939154/>). | |||
*[[CK34betaE12]] -ve usually (8+ve of 32 cases<ref name=pmid23939154/>). | |||
==Sign out== | |||
<pre> | |||
PROSTATE TISSUE, TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE (TURP): | |||
- BENIGN PROSTATE TISSUE WITH GLANDULAR AND STROMAL PROLIFERATION. | |||
- UROTHELIAL MUCOSA WITH A MILD LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATE AND CHANGES CONSISTENT | |||
WITH CYSTITIS CYSTICA. | |||
- BENIGN CALCIFICATIONS. | |||
- NEPHROGENIC METAPLASIA (MESONEPHRIC ADENOMA), SEE COMMENT. | |||
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY. | |||
COMMENT: | |||
Nephrogenic metaplasia is a benign finding. It is confirmed with immunostaining | |||
(POSITIVE for CK7, PAX8; NEGATIVE for AMACR, CK34betaE12 (very focal staining)). | |||
</pre> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Urothelium]]. | *[[Urothelium]]. | ||
*[[Metanephric adenoma]]. | |||
*[[Mesonephric remnant of the prostate gland]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:53, 4 August 2022
| Nephrogenic adenoma | |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis in short | |
 Nephrogenic adenoma. H&E stain. | |
|
| |
| Synonyms | mesonephric adenoma, nephrogenic metaplasia |
|
| |
| LM | classically tubular structures with a microcystic appearance lined by hobnailed cells +/-thick eosinophilic basement membrane; may have tubulocystic, polypoid, papillary or fibromyxoid architecture; usually associated with chronic inflammation |
| LM DDx | urothelial carcinoma microcystic and nested variants, prostatic adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma (clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra, clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, metastatic clear cell adenocarcinoma) |
| IHC | CK7 +ve, PAX8 +ve, p53 -ve, CEA -ve, Ki-67 low (<5%) |
| Site | urothelium - usu. urinary bladder |
|
| |
| Prevalence | uncommon |
| Endoscopy | occasionally a papillary-like mass or flat velvety lesion |
| Prognosis | benign |
| Clin. DDx | no treatment necessary (?) |
Nephrogenic adenoma, also known as mesonephric adenoma,[1] and nephrogenic metaplasia, is a rare lesion that is classically in the urinary bladder and can mimic adenocarcinoma.
It should not be confused with metanephric adenoma.
General
Features:[2]
- Benign.
- May mimic adenocarcinoma!
- Classic location is the urinary bladder.
- Also reported in ureter and prostatic urethra.
- It is thought to result from displacement of renal tubular cells, as this entity in renal transplant recipients is graft derived.[3]
Gross
Features:
- Usually an incidental finding only seen on microscopy.
- May manifest as:
Microscopic
Features:[2]
- Tubular structures - the classic morphology. †
- Lined by a single cell layer - classically hobnailed. ‡
- +/-Thick eosinophilic basement membrane.
- Typically microcystic appearance.
- Usually associated with chronic inflammation.
Notes:
- May mimic vascular/lymphatic channels - can be sorted-out with IHC.
- † May be tubulocystic, polypoid, papillary or fibromyxoid.[5]
- ‡ May be flat.[5]
- Should not have necrosis or mitoses.
DDx:
- Urothelial carcinoma, microcystic and nested variants.
- Clear cell adenocarcinoma.
- Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra.
- Mesonephroid adenocarcinoma[6] (also known as clear cell carcinoma[7]) - may be deceptively bland.
- Prostatic adenocarcinoma.
- Metastatic tumours.
Images
Nephrogenic adenoma - low mag. (WC/Nephron)
Nephrogenic adenoma - intermed. mag. (WC/Nephron)
Nephrogenic adenoma - high mag. (WC/Nephron)
Nephrogenic adenoma - very high mag. (WC/Nephron)
www:
IHC
Features:[9]
Others:[2]
- p53 -ve.
- CEA -ve.
- Ki-67 low (<5%).
- MUC1 +ve.
- Marks distal renal tubule.[11]
- PSA -ve.[12]
- PSAP -ve.[12]
- CD34 -ve.[13] (???)
- p63 -ve (0/32 cases[14] ).
- CK20 -ve usually (6 +ve of 32 cases[14]).
- CK34betaE12 -ve usually (8+ve of 32 cases[14]).
Sign out
PROSTATE TISSUE, TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE (TURP): - BENIGN PROSTATE TISSUE WITH GLANDULAR AND STROMAL PROLIFERATION. - UROTHELIAL MUCOSA WITH A MILD LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATE AND CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH CYSTITIS CYSTICA. - BENIGN CALCIFICATIONS. - NEPHROGENIC METAPLASIA (MESONEPHRIC ADENOMA), SEE COMMENT. - NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY. COMMENT: Nephrogenic metaplasia is a benign finding. It is confirmed with immunostaining (POSITIVE for CK7, PAX8; NEGATIVE for AMACR, CK34betaE12 (very focal staining)).
See also
References
- ↑ Singh, KJ. (Jan 2011). "Mesonephric adenoma in remnant ureteric stump: A rare entity.". Indian J Urol 27 (1): 140-1. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.78414. PMID 21716880.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gokaslan, ST.; Krueger, JE.; Albores-Saavedra, J. (Jul 2002). "Symptomatic nephrogenic metaplasia of ureter: a morphologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases.". Mod Pathol 15 (7): 765-70. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000019578.51568.24. PMID 12118115. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v15/n7/full/3880603a.html.
- ↑ Mazal, PR.; Schaufler, R.; Altenhuber-Müller, R.; Haitel, A.; Watschinger, B.; Kratzik, C.; Krupitza, G.; Regele, H. et al. (Aug 2002). "Derivation of nephrogenic adenomas from renal tubular cells in kidney-transplant recipients.". N Engl J Med 347 (9): 653-9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013413. PMID 12200552.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Amin, Mahul B. (2010). Diagnostic Pathology: Genitourinary (1st ed.). Amirsys. pp. 2-27. ISBN 978-1931884280.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Piña-Oviedo, S.; Shen, SS.; Truong, LD.; Ayala, AG.; Ro, JY. (Jun 2013). "Flat pattern of nephrogenic adenoma: previously unrecognized pattern unveiled using PAX2 and PAX8 immunohistochemistry.". Mod Pathol 26 (6): 792-8. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2012.239. PMID 23328975.
- ↑ Doddamani, D.; Ansari, MS.; Gupta, NP.; Aron, M.; Singh, I.; Datta Gupta, S. (2002). "Mesonephroid adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urethra: a case report.". Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 13 (1): 47-9. PMID 11999207.
- ↑ Abbas, M.; Kramer, MW.; Wolters, M.; Herrman, TR.; Becker, JU.; Kreipe, HH. (Feb 2013). "Adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder, mesonephroid type: a rare case.". Rare Tumors 5 (1): e3. doi:10.4081/rt.2013.e3. PMID 23772302.
- ↑ Kunju, LP. (Oct 2010). "Nephrogenic adenoma: report of a case and review of morphologic mimics.". Arch Pathol Lab Med 134 (10): 1455-9. doi:10.1043/2010-0226-CR.1. PMID 20923300.
- ↑ Alexiev, BA.; Levea, CM. (Mar 2012). "Nephrogenic Adenoma of the Urinary Tract: A Review.". Int J Surg Pathol. doi:10.1177/1066896912439095. PMID 22415059.
- ↑ Tong, GX.; Melamed, J.; Mansukhani, M.; Memeo, L.; Hernandez, O.; Deng, FM.; Chiriboga, L.; Waisman, J. (Mar 2006). "PAX2: a reliable marker for nephrogenic adenoma.". Mod Pathol 19 (3): 356-63. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800535. PMID 16400326.
- ↑ Fromont, G.; Barcat, L.; Gaudin, J.; Irani, J. (Nov 2009). "Revisiting the immunophenotype of nephrogenic adenoma.". Am J Surg Pathol 33 (11): 1654-8. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181b40061. PMID 19730362.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Malpica, A.; Ro, JY.; Troncoso, P.; Ordoñez, NG.; Amin, MB.; Ayala, AG. (Apr 1994). "Nephrogenic adenoma of the prostatic urethra involving the prostate gland: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eight cases.". Hum Pathol 25 (4): 390-5. PMID 7512941.
- ↑ Aldenborg, F.; Peeker, R.; Fall, M.; Olofsson, A.; Enerbäck, L. (Jul 1998). "Metaplastic transformation of urinary bladder epithelium: effect on mast cell recruitment, distribution, and phenotype expression.". Am J Pathol 153 (1): 149-57. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65555-1. PMID 9665475.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Shen, Q.; Sun, LH.; Wang, JH.; Liu, LB.; He, Q.; Jin, J. (Aug 2013). "[Pathological and immunohistochemical analyses of 32 cases of nephrogenic adenoma].". Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao 45 (4): 522-6. PMID 23939154.