Difference between revisions of "Epilepsy"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Jensflorian (talk | contribs) (→Types: +FCD + Hamartia) |
Jensflorian (talk | contribs) m (→Etiology: link) |
||
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
===Etiology=== | ===Etiology=== | ||
*Many. | *Many. | ||
**[[ | **[[Epilepsy#Focal_cortical_dysplasia_.28FCD.29|Cortical dysplasia]]. | ||
**Hamartia. | **[[Epilepsy#Hamartia|Hamartia]]. | ||
**Stroke. | **Stroke. | ||
**Infection. | **Infection. | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
*[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cataltepe | first1 = O. | last2 = Turanli | first2 = G. | last3 = Yalnizoglu | first3 = D. | last4 = Topçu | first4 = M. | last5 = Akalan | first5 = N. | title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. | journal = J Neurosurg | volume = 102 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = 280-7 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 | PMID = 15881751 }}</ref> | *[[Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour]].<ref name=pmid15881751>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cataltepe | first1 = O. | last2 = Turanli | first2 = G. | last3 = Yalnizoglu | first3 = D. | last4 = Topçu | first4 = M. | last5 = Akalan | first5 = N. | title = Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children. | journal = J Neurosurg | volume = 102 | issue = 3 Suppl | pages = 280-7 | month = Apr | year = 2005 | doi = 10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280 | PMID = 15881751 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal | last1 = Im | first1 = SH. | last2 = Chung | first2 = CK. | last3 = Cho | first3 = BK. | last4 = Lee | first4 = SK. | title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 59-66 | month = Mar | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12125968 }}</ref> | *[[Ganglioglioma]].<ref name=pmid12125968>{{Cite journal | last1 = Im | first1 = SH. | last2 = Chung | first2 = CK. | last3 = Cho | first3 = BK. | last4 = Lee | first4 = SK. | title = Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome. | journal = J Neurooncol | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 59-66 | month = Mar | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12125968 }}</ref> | ||
*Isomorphic astrocytoma. | |||
==Types== | ==Types== | ||
Revision as of 14:02, 25 March 2019
Epilepsy is a common chronic seizure disorder.
General
- Epilepsy = seizures that are "idiopathic", i.e. no brain tumour, no mass lesion, no brain injury.
- Most common form: temporal lobe epilepsy.[1]
Etiology
- Many.
- Cortical dysplasia.
- Hamartia.
- Stroke.
- Infection.
- Head trauma.
Syndromic:
Tumour:
- Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour.[2]
- Ganglioglioma.[3]
- Isomorphic astrocytoma.
Types
Features:[4]
- Temporal lobe epilepsy
- Mesial temporal sclerosis = scarring of the medial temporal lobe.
- Involves: hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala.
- Granule cell dispersion
Hamartia
- Small collection of ectopic glioneuronal cells.
- Morpholology resembling oligodendroglial-like cells. [5]
- Mostly amygdala, less common in hippocampus or temporal lobe.
- Can coexist with focal cortical dysplasia.
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD)
- Localized malformations of the cortex.
- Frequently associated with epilepsy in children.
- Includes cortical dyslamination, cytoarchitectural changes and white matter abnormalities.
- Current consensus: ILAE classification scheme 2011 [6](based on previous classification by Palmini 2004):
- Type I FCD (focal)
- Ia: Abnormal radial cortical lamination.
- Ib: Abnormal tangential cortical lamination.
- Ic: Abnormal radial and tangential cortical lamination.
- Type II FCD (focal)
- IIa: Presence of dysmorphic neurons.
- IIb: Presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells.
- Type III FCD (associated with other lesion)
- IIIa: FCD associated with hippocampal sclerosis.
- IIIb: FCD adjacent to a brain tumor.
- IIIc: FCD adjacent to vascular malformation.
- IIIc: FCD associated with previous injury (trauma, inflammation...).
Dysmorphic neurons in FCD (HE)
Heterotopic neurons (NeuN)
Hippocampal sclerosis
- Most frequent histopathology in temporal lobe epilepsy (33% of all epilepsy surgery specimen).
- ILAE classification for hippocampus specimen:[7]
- ILAE type 1: cell loss predominantly in CA1 and CA4 sectors.
- ILAE type 2: predominant CA1 neuron loss and gliosis.
- ILAE type 3: CA4 predominant neuronal cell loss and gliosis.
Clinic: ILAE type 1: benefit from epilepsy surgery.
Notes:
- Gliosis withot neuronal loss is not considered hippocampal sclerosis.
Granule cell dispersion
- Affects dentate gyrus.
- Observed in up to 40% specimen with hippocampal sclerosis.
- Clinico-pathological classification:[8]
- Granule cell pathology (GCP) Type 1: Substantial granule cell loss.
- Granule cell pathology (GCP) Type 2: Cell dispersion, ectopic neurons or clusters of neurons in the molecular layer or bi-lamination.
Clinic:
- Association with longer epilepsy duration.
DDx:
- Epilepsy.
- Dementia.
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
- Abbreviated SUDEP.
Diagnosis:
- Negative autopsy.
- History of epilepsy.
Epidemiology:[9]
- Typically poorly controlled epilepsy.
- Incidence: 0.09-9 per 1000 patient-years.
See also
References
- ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/342150-overview. Accessed on: 20 November 2010.
- ↑ Cataltepe, O.; Turanli, G.; Yalnizoglu, D.; Topçu, M.; Akalan, N. (Apr 2005). "Surgical management of temporal lobe tumor-related epilepsy in children.". J Neurosurg 102 (3 Suppl): 280-7. doi:10.3171/ped.2005.102.3.0280. PMID 15881751.
- ↑ Im, SH.; Chung, CK.; Cho, BK.; Lee, SK. (Mar 2002). "Supratentorial ganglioglioma and epilepsy: postoperative seizure outcome.". J Neurooncol 57 (1): 59-66. PMID 12125968.
- ↑ MUN. 15 November 2010.
- ↑ Kasper, BS.; Stefan, H.; Buchfelder, M.; Paulus, W. (Jan 1999). "Temporal lobe microdysgenesis in epilepsy versus control brains.". J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 58 (1): 22-8. PMID 10068310.
- ↑ Blümcke, I.; Aronica, E.; Miyata, H.; Sarnat, HB.; Thom, M.; Roessler, K.; Rydenhag, B.; Jehi, L. et al. (Mar 2016). "International recommendation for a comprehensive neuropathologic workup of epilepsy surgery brain tissue: A consensus Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods.". Epilepsia 57 (3): 348-58. doi:10.1111/epi.13319. PMID 26839983.
- ↑ Blümcke, I.; Thom, M.; Aronica, E.; Armstrong, DD.; Bartolomei, F.; Bernasconi, A.; Bernasconi, N.; Bien, CG. et al. (Jul 2013). "International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods.". Epilepsia 54 (7): 1315-29. doi:10.1111/epi.12220. PMID 23692496.
- ↑ Blümcke, I.; Kistner, I.; Clusmann, H.; Schramm, J.; Becker, AJ.; Elger, CE.; Bien, CG.; Merschhemke, M. et al. (May 2009). "Towards a clinico-pathological classification of granule cell dispersion in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsies.". Acta Neuropathol 117 (5): 535-44. doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0512-5. PMID 19277686.
- ↑ Tomson, T.; Nashef, L.; Ryvlin, P. (Nov 2008). "Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current knowledge and future directions.". Lancet Neurol 7 (11): 1021-31. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70202-3. PMID 18805738.