Difference between revisions of "Ependymoma"
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*Necrosis. | *Necrosis. | ||
*Microvascular proliferation. | *Microvascular proliferation. | ||
*Poor interobserver reliability<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ellison | first1 = DW. | last2 = Kocak | first2 = M. | last3 = Figarella-Branger | first3 = D. | last4 = Felice | first4 = G. | last5 = Catherine | first5 = G. | last6 = Pietsch | first6 = T. | last7 = Frappaz | first7 = D. | last8 = Massimino | first8 = M. | last9 = Grill | first9 = J. | title = Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts. | journal = J Negat Results Biomed | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 7 | month = May | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1186/1477-5751-10-7 | PMID = 21627842 }}</ref> | |||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
Revision as of 13:12, 11 September 2017
| Ependymoma | |
|---|---|
| Diagnosis in short | |
 Ependymoma grade II WHO. H&E stain | |
|
| |
| LM | Perivascular pseudorosettes, ependymal rosettes |
| Subtypes | Tanycytic, Clear cell, Papillary, Cellular |
| LM DDx | Subependymoma, Glioblastoma, Pilocytic astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma |
| IHC | GFAP +ve |
| Prognosis | intermediate to poor (WHO Grades II & III) |
Ependymoma is a neuropathology tumour.
- Myxopapillary ependymoma is dealt with separately in the myxopapillary ependymoma article.
- Subependymoma is dealt with separately in the Subependymoma article.
General
- Called the forgotten glial tumour.
Epidemiology:[1]
- Usual site:
- Adults: usually spinal cord.
- Children: usually posterior fossa.
- May be associated with neurofibromatosis type 2.
There are five main ependymal tumors:[2]
- Ependymoma (not otherwise specified).
- Other flavours:[3]
- Papillary ependymoma.
- Clear cell ependymoma.
- Tanycytic ependymoma.
- Other flavours:[3]
- Ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive.[4]
- L1CAM +ve / Nuclear NFkappaB +ve.[5]
- Majority of supratentorial ependymoma in children.
- Anaplastic ependymoma.
- Myxopapillary ependymoma.
- Classically at filum terminale.
- Subependymoma.
- Typically seen in IVth ventricle.
The designation Cellular ependymoma is depreceated.
Gross
- Usually discrete and enhancing.
- Ventricular location, but also within the spinal cord.
- Dissemination possible.
Radiology (AFIP)
Ependymoma in the fourth ventricle (AFIP)
Gross (AFIP)
Microscopic
Classic ependymoma
Features:
- Cells have a "tadpole-like" morphology.
- May also be described as ice cream cone-shaped.[6]
- Rosettes = circular nuclear free zones/cells arranged in a pseudoglandular fashion; comes in two flavours in ependymoma:
- Perivascular pseudorosettes = (tumour) cells arranged around a blood vessel; nuclei of cells distant from the blood vessel, i.e. rim of cytoplasm (from tumour cells) surround blood vessel (nucleus-free zone); more common than ependymal rosette... but less specific.
- Ependymal rosette (AKA true ependymal rosette) = rosette has an empty space at the centre - key feature.
- Nuclear features monotonous, i.e. "boring".[7]
- There is little variation in size, shape and staining.
- Rare cases with cartilagineous metaplasia.[8]
DDx (classic ependymoma):
- Subependymoma.
- Glioblastoma (GBM).
- Invasive border = GBM; circumscribed border of lesion = ependymoma.
- Pilocytic astrocytoma (Tanycytic ependymoma)
- Oligodendroglioma (Clear cell ependymoma))
Images
www:
- Ependymoma (flickr.com).
- Ependymoma - ependymal rosettes (ajnr.org).
- Anaplastic ependymoma - case 1 (upmc.edu).
- Anaplastic ependymoma - case 2 (upmc.edu).
Ependymoma smear. (AFIP)
Perivascular pseudorosettes in a ependymoma. (AFIP)
Ependymoma - intermed. mag. (WC)
Ependymoma - low mag. (WC)
Ependymoma - high mag. (WC/Sbrandner)
True ependymal and pseudorosettes in a ependymoma. (WC/jensflorian)
Ependymal linings in a ependymoma. (WC/jensflorian)
GFAP IHC in a ependymoma. (WC/Sbrandner)
Periluminal EMA positivity in a ependymoma. (WC/jensflorian)
Dot-like EMA immunreactivity n a ependymoma. (WC/Marvin101)
Tanycytic ependymoma must not confused with pilocytic astrocytoma. (WC/jensflorian)
Tanycytic ependymoma - low mag. (WC/jensflorian)
Papillary ependymoma - low mag. (WC/jensflorian)
Papillary ependymoma - intermed. mag. (WC/jensflorian)
Clear cell ependymoma may mimic oligodendroglioma. (WC/jensflorian)
Brisk mitotic activity in a anaplastic ependymoma. (WC/jensflorian)
Metaplastic transformation in an anaplastic ependymoma. (WC/jensflorian)
Grading
Easy:
- Subependymoma = WHO grade I.
- Myxopapillary ependymoma = WHO grade I.
Not-so-easy:
- Classic ependymoma = WHO grade II.
- Anaplastic ependymoma = WHO grade III.
Grade II vs. Grade III:
- Cellular density.
- Mitoses.
- Necrosis.
- Microvascular proliferation.
- Poor interobserver reliability[9]
Notes:
- Many tumours fall between grade II and grade III. These are called "indeterminate" by many.
IHC
- Reticulin.
- GFAP+ve.
- MIB1.
- EMA (dots and rings).[10]
- Olig2-ve.[11]
- H3K27me in posterior fossa (loss indicates group A).[12]
Molecular
Two distinct molecular subgroups exist in the posterior fossa:[13]
- Group A ependymomas:
- typically found in children.
- laterally.
- relatively unfavorable clinical outcome.
- CpG island methylator phenotype.[14]
- Group B ependymomas:
- typically adults.
- midline.
- relatively favorable clinical outcomes.
- gene expression profiles similar to that of spinal cord ependymomas.
- increased Chromosomal 1q gains. [15]
Supratentorial ependymomas have also a distinct profile:
- 70 % of these ependymomas have recurrent gene fusions involving RELA and C11orf95[16]
- EPHB2 amplifications and CDKN2A deletions in a subset of these tumors[17]
Note: Molecular subgroups have no treatment implications (at the moment).
See also
References
- ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1334. ISBN 978-1416031215.
- ↑ The International Agency for Research on Cancer (Editors: Louis, D.N.; Ohgaki, H.; Wiestler, O.D.; Cavenee, W.K.) (2007). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (IARC WHO Classification of Tumours) (4th ed.). Lyon: World Health Organization. pp. 74. doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4. ISBN 978-9283224303.
- ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1744030-overview. Accessed on: 17 January 2012.
- ↑ Parker, M.; Mohankumar, KM.; Punchihewa, C.; Weinlich, R.; Dalton, JD.; Li, Y.; Lee, R.; Tatevossian, RG. et al. (Feb 2014). "C11orf95-RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-κB signalling in ependymoma.". Nature 506 (7489): 451-5. doi:10.1038/nature13109. PMID 24553141.
- ↑ Pietsch, T.; Wohlers, I.; Goschzik, T.; Dreschmann, V.; Denkhaus, D.; Dörner, E.; Rahmann, S.; Klein-Hitpass, L. (Apr 2014). "Supratentorial ependymomas of childhood carry C11orf95-RELA fusions leading to pathological activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.". Acta Neuropathol 127 (4): 609-11. doi:10.1007/s00401-014-1264-4. PMID 24562983.
- ↑ http://www.pathology.vcu.edu/WirSelfInst/tumor-2.html
- ↑ MUN. 6 Oct 2009.
- ↑ Wang, X.; Zhang, S.; Ye, Y.; Chen, Y.; Liu, X. (Jul 2012). "Ependymoma with cartilaginous metaplasia might have more aggressive behavior: a case report and literature review.". Brain Tumor Pathol 29 (3): 172-6. doi:10.1007/s10014-011-0079-4. PMID 22228122.
- ↑ Ellison, DW.; Kocak, M.; Figarella-Branger, D.; Felice, G.; Catherine, G.; Pietsch, T.; Frappaz, D.; Massimino, M. et al. (May 2011). "Histopathological grading of pediatric ependymoma: reproducibility and clinical relevance in European trial cohorts.". J Negat Results Biomed 10: 7. doi:10.1186/1477-5751-10-7. PMID 21627842.
- ↑ Hasselblatt, M.; Paulus, W. (Oct 2003). "Sensitivity and specificity of epithelial membrane antigen staining patterns in ependymomas.". Acta Neuropathol 106 (4): 385-8. doi:10.1007/s00401-003-0752-8. PMID 12898159.
- ↑ Švajdler, M.; Rychlý, B.; Mezencev, R.; Fröhlichová, L.; Bednárová, A.; Pataky, F.; Daum, O. (Jan 2016). "SOX10 and Olig2 as negative markers for the diagnosis of ependymomas: An immunohistochemical study of 98 glial tumors.". Histol Histopathol 31 (1): 95-102. doi:10.14670/HH-11-654. PMID 26287936.
- ↑ Panwalkar, P.; Clark, J.; Ramaswamy, V.; Hawes, D.; Yang, F.; Dunham, C.; Yip, S.; Hukin, J. et al. (Jul 2017). "Immunohistochemical analysis of H3K27me3 demonstrates global reduction in group-A childhood posterior fossa ependymoma and is a powerful predictor of outcome.". Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1752-4. PMID 28733933.
- ↑ Witt, H.; Mack, SC.; Ryzhova, M.; Bender, S.; Sill, M.; Isserlin, R.; Benner, A.; Hielscher, T. et al. (Aug 2011). "Delineation of two clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups of posterior fossa ependymoma.". Cancer Cell 20 (2): 143-57. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.007. PMID 21840481.
- ↑ Mack, SC.; Witt, H.; Piro, RM.; Gu, L.; Zuyderduyn, S.; Stütz, AM.; Wang, X.; Gallo, M. et al. (Feb 2014). "Epigenomic alterations define lethal CIMP-positive ependymomas of infancy.". Nature 506 (7489): 445-50. doi:10.1038/nature13108. PMID 24553142.
- ↑ Korshunov, A.; Witt, H.; Hielscher, T.; Benner, A.; Remke, M.; Ryzhova, M.; Milde, T.; Bender, S. et al. (Jul 2010). "Molecular staging of intracranial ependymoma in children and adults.". J Clin Oncol 28 (19): 3182-90. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.27.3359. PMID 20516456.
- ↑ Parker, M.; Mohankumar, KM.; Punchihewa, C.; Weinlich, R.; Dalton, JD.; Li, Y.; Lee, R.; Tatevossian, RG. et al. (Feb 2014). "C11orf95-RELA fusions drive oncogenic NF-κB signalling in ependymoma.". Nature 506 (7489): 451-5. doi:10.1038/nature13109. PMID 24553141.
- ↑ Philip-Hollingsworth, S.; Hollingsworth, RI.; Dazzo, FB. (Jan 1989). "Host-range related structural features of the acidic extracellular polysaccharides of Rhizobium trifolii and Rhizobium leguminosarum.". J Biol Chem 264 (3): 1461-6. PMID 2912966.