Difference between revisions of "Bullous diseases"

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An introduction to skin pathology is in the ''[[dermatopathology]]'' article.  An introduction to inflammatory skin lesions in the ''[[non-malignant skin disease]]'' article.
An introduction to skin pathology is in the ''[[dermatopathology]]'' article.  An introduction to inflammatory skin lesions in the ''[[non-malignant skin disease]]'' article.


DDx of bullous disease:<ref>TN07 D21-3.</ref>
Bullous disease of the [[lung]] is dealt with in ''[[lung bullae]]''.
*Bullous pemphigoid.
 
=Overview=
==DDx based on type==
===Subcorneal bullous disorders===
DDx '''with''' acantholysis:<ref name=pmid18418089>{{cite journal |author=Brinster NK |title=Dermatopathology for the surgical pathologist: a pattern based approach to the diagnosis of inflammatory skin disorders (part I) |journal=Adv Anat Pathol |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=76–96 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18418089 |doi=10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181664e8d |url=}}</ref>
*[[Pemphigus foliaceus]].
*[[Bullous impetigo]].
*[[Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]].
 
DDx '''without''' acantholysis:DDx:<ref name=pmid18418089/>
*Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease)
*Pustular psoriasis.
*Pustular drug eruption ([[acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis]]).
 
===Suprabasilar bullous disorders===
DDx:<ref name=pmid18418089/>
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]].
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]].
*[[Hailey-Hailey disease]] (benign familial pemphigus).
*[[Darier disease]].
*[[Grover disease]] (transient acantholytic dermatosis).
Memory device - ''PhD'' + ''Grover'' = '''P'''emphigus vulgaris, '''H'''ailey-Hailey, '''D'''arier, '''G'''rover.
===Subepidermal bullous disorders===
DDx:<ref name=pmid18418089/>
*[[Bullous pemphigoid]].
*[[Cicatricial pemphigoid]].
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda]].
*[[Porphyria cutanea tarda]].
*[[Epidermolysis bullosa acquista]].
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]].
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]].
*Epidermolysis bullosa.
*Linear IgA disease.
 
Others:
*Insect bite.
*Coma blister.
*Bullous [[systemic lupus erythematosus]].
 
Mnemonic ''DELPHI'':
*[[dermatitis herpetiformis|'''D'''ermatitis herpetiformis]].
*'''E'''pidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
*Bullous '''l'''upus erythematosis.
*'''P'''emphigoid, bullous.
*'''H'''erpes gestationis (now called ''[[pemphigoid gestationis]]'') - rare autoimmune bullous dermatosis of pregnancy, not related to HSV.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063499-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063499-overview]. Accessed on: 23 September 2011.</ref>
*Linear '''I'''gA disease.


Subcorneal bullous disease: (???)
=Specific diseases=
*Pemphigus foliaceus.
==Pemphigus foliaceus==
*Pemphigus vegetans.
===General===
*[[Grover's disease]] (transient acantholytic dermatosis).
*Autoimmune disease.<ref name=pmid21605805>{{Cite journal  | last1 = James | first1 = KA. | last2 = Culton | first2 = DA. | last3 = Diaz | first3 = LA. | title = Diagnosis and clinical features of pemphigus foliaceus. | journal = Dermatol Clin | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 405-12, viii | month = Jul | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.03.012 | PMID = 21605805 }}</ref>
*[[Darier's disease]].
**Autoantibodies against ''desmoglein 1'' only.
*[[Hailey-Hailey disease]].
 
Note:
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]] has autoantibodies against ''desmoglein 1'' and ''desmoglein 3''.<ref name=omim169615>{{OMIM|169615}}</ref>
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Subcorneal separation.
*[[Acantholysis]].
**Separation of keratinocytes.
 
DDx:
*[[Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]].
*[[Bullous impetigo]].
 
===IF===
*Desmoglein 1 - abnormal.


==Bullous pemphigoid==
==Bullous pemphigoid==
Line 24: Line 78:
*Old people (60-80 year olds).
*Old people (60-80 year olds).


Clinical
Clinical:
*Extreme pruritis.
*Extreme pruritis.


Etiology:
Etiology:
*Antibodies to BPAG2.
*Antibodies to BPAG2 (a hemidesmosome protein).<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8_607>{{Ref PCPBoD8|607}}</ref>
 
Notes:
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]] = subepidermal.
*[[Pemphigus foliaceus]] = intraepidermal.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 40: Line 98:
*Epidermis not affect, i.e. non-acantholytic.
*Epidermis not affect, i.e. non-acantholytic.
*Linear Ig deposits along basement membrane.
*Linear Ig deposits along basement membrane.
*Early changes may be that of a ''[[dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltration]]''.


Images:
Images:
Line 47: Line 106:
DDx:
DDx:
*Bullous lupus.
*Bullous lupus.
*[[Dermal perivascular lymphoeosinophilic infiltration]].


==Pemphigus vulgaris==
==Pemphigus vulgaris==
*[[AKA]] ''pemphigus''.
*[[AKA]] ''pemphigus''.
===General===
===General===
*May lead to blindness.
*Oral lesion is classically: ''first to show & last to go''.
**Oral lesions usually precede the skin lesions.
Classic presentation:
Classic presentation:
*Mouth lesions.
*Mouth lesions.
Line 61: Line 125:
*Associated with [[thymoma]], myasthenia gravis, malignancy & D-penicillamine (used to Tx [[Wilson's disease]]).
*Associated with [[thymoma]], myasthenia gravis, malignancy & D-penicillamine (used to Tx [[Wilson's disease]]).
*Middle age.
*Middle age.
Etiology:
*Autoimmune disease.
**Antibodies against: ''desmoglein 1'' (DSG1)<ref name=omim125670>{{OMIM|125670}}</ref> and ''desmoglein 3'' (DSG3).<ref name=omim169615>{{OMIM|169615}}</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 66: Line 134:
*Suprabasilar blistering.
*Suprabasilar blistering.


DDx: Hailey-Hailey disease.
DDx:  
*[[Hailey-Hailey disease]].
*[[Darier disease]].
*[[Grover disease]].


Images:
Images:
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/files/images/pemphigus_vulgaris_3.jpg PV (dermpedia.org)].<ref>URL: [http://www.dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/pemphigus-vulgaris http://www.dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/pemphigus-vulgaris]. Accessed on: 20 March 2011.</ref>
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/files/images/pemphigus_vulgaris_3.jpg PV (dermpedia.org)].<ref>URL: [http://www.dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/pemphigus-vulgaris http://www.dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/pemphigus-vulgaris]. Accessed on: 20 March 2011.</ref>
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pemphigus_vulgaris_-_intermed_mag.jpg Pemphigus vulgaris - intermed. mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pemphigus_vulgaris_-_high_mag.jpg Pemphigus vulgaris - high mag. (WC)].


Notes:
===IF===
*Desmoglein 1, desmoglein 3 - abnormal.
*Desmoglein 1 - abnormal.
*Desmoglein 3 - abnormal.


==Familial benign pemphigus==
==Familial benign pemphigus==
Line 83: Line 157:
Clinical:
Clinical:
*Chest.
*Chest.
*Intertriginous regions. (???)
*Intertriginous regions (only) - where skin rubs together, e.g. skin folds of the breast, axilla.
*Typically presents individual in their 30s and 40s.<ref name=emed_hailey/>
*Typically presents individual in their 30s and 40s.<ref name=emed_hailey/>


Line 89: Line 163:
Features:  
Features:  
*Suprabasilar blistering.
*Suprabasilar blistering.
*Acanthosis (thick epidermis).
*[[Acanthosis]] (thick epidermis).


Notes:
Notes:
Line 147: Line 221:
Images:
Images:
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/files/images/Image1_4.jpg Subepidermal blistering with thick vessels (dermpedia.org)].
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/files/images/Image1_4.jpg Subepidermal blistering with thick vessels (dermpedia.org)].
==Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita==
*Abbreviated ''EBA''
===General===
*Autoimmune disease.
**Antibodies to collagen type VII.<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063083-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063083-overview]. Accessed on: 25 September 2011.</ref>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Subepidermal bullae.


==Epidermolysis bullosa==
==Epidermolysis bullosa==
*Inherited, bullae & erosions from slight mechanical trauma.
===General===
*A group of inherited, bullous disorders.
*Bullae form due to slight mechanical trauma.
 
Three major groupings:<ref>URL: [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062939-overview http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062939-overview]. Accessed on: 25 September 2011.</ref>
#Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (intraepidermal disease).
#Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (separation at DE junction; specifically central portion (lamina lucida)).
#Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (separation at DE junction; specifically deep to lamina densa).
 
===Microscopic===
Depends on subtype - either intraepidermal ''or'' subepidermal.


==Grover disease==
==Grover disease==
*[[AKA]] transient acantholytic dermatosis.
*[[AKA]] ''transient acantholytic dermatosis''.


===General===
===General===
*Genetic. (???)
*Cause not known.
*Associated with sun damaged skin, hospitalization and fever.<ref name=pmid15068451>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Quirk | first1 = CJ. | last2 = Heenan | first2 = PJ. | title = Grover's disease: 34 years on. | journal = Australas J Dermatol | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 83-6; quiz 87-8 | month = May | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.054_1.x | PMID = 15068451 }}</ref>
 
Clinical:<ref name=pmid16939188>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hanson | first1 = M. | last2 = Hsu | first2 = S. | title = Pruritic papules on the chest and back. Grover's disease. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 74 | issue = 4 | pages = 641-2 | month = Aug | year = 2006 | doi =  | PMID = 16939188 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p641.html }}</ref>
*Pruritis (itchy).
*Usually self-limited.
*Treatment for symptoms.
 
===Gross===
*Usually small ~ 50% less than 2 mm.<ref name=pmid20526170>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fernández-Figueras | first1 = MT. | last2 = Puig | first2 = L. | last3 = Cannata | first3 = P. | last4 = Cuatrecases | first4 = M. | last5 = Quer | first5 = A. | last6 = Ferrándiz | first6 = C. | last7 = Ariza | first7 = A. | title = Grover disease: a reappraisal of histopathological diagnostic criteria in 120 cases. | journal = Am J Dermatopathol | volume = 32 | issue = 6 | pages = 541-9 | month = Aug | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181c80cf9 | PMID = 20526170 }}</ref>
*Typically chest and back.<ref>{{Ref APBR|344 Q2</ref>


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 163: Line 268:
*Dyskeratosis.
*Dyskeratosis.


==See also==
DDx:<ref name=pmid10089990>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Davis | first1 = MD. | last2 = Dinneen | first2 = AM. | last3 = Landa | first3 = N. | last4 = Gibson | first4 = LE. | title = Grover's disease: clinicopathologic review of 72 cases. | journal = Mayo Clin Proc | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 229-34 | month = Mar | year = 1999 | doi = 10.4065/74.3.229 | PMID = 10089990 }}</ref>
#[[Pemphigus vulgaris]].
#[[Darier disease]].
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Transient acantholytic dermatosis - intermed mag.jpg | Grover disease - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis_-_high_mag.jpg | Grover disease - high mag. (WC)
Image:Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Grover disease - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
 
==Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis==
*Abbreviated ''AGEP''.
*[[AKA]] pustular drug eruption.
 
===General===
*Drug reaction.
 
Clinical DDx:
*[[Erythema multiforme]].
*[[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]] (SJS) / [[toxic epidermal necrolysis]] (TEN).
 
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Superficial dermis separates from underlying tissue. (???)
 
DDx:
*[[Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome]].
 
Images:
*[http://www.dermpedia.org/case/acute-generalized-exanthematous-pustulosis AGEP (dermpedia.org)].
 
==Pemphigoid gestationis==
*[[AKA]] ''gestational pemphigoid''.
*Previously ''herpes gestationis''.
 
===General===
*Autoimmune condition in pregnancy.
**Autoantibodies against XVII collagen.<ref name=pmid21605810>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Intong | first1 = LR. | last2 = Murrell | first2 = DF. | title = Pemphigoid gestationis: pathogenesis and clinical features. | journal = Dermatol Clin | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 447-52, ix | month = Jul | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.det.2011.03.002 | PMID = 21605810 }}</ref>
**Fetus affected in ~5-10% of cases.<ref name=pmid17263216>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tunzi | first1 = M. | last2 = Gray | first2 = GR. | title = Common skin conditions during pregnancy. | journal = Am Fam Physician | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 211-8 | month = Jan | year = 2007 | doi =  | PMID = 17263216 | URL = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0115/p211.html }}</ref>
*Rare - est. 1/50,000 pregnancies.<ref name=pmid18506459>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Bedocs | first1 = PM. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = V. | last3 = Mahon | first3 = MJ. | title = Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare case and review. | journal = Arch Gynecol Obstet | volume = 279 | issue = 2 | pages = 235-8 | month = Feb | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s00404-008-0687-3 | PMID = 18506459 }}</ref>
 
Treatment:
*Corticosteroids.<ref name=pmid21877502/>
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Subepidermal bullous disease.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kolanko | first1 = E. | last2 = Bickle | first2 = K. | last3 = Keehn | first3 = C. | last4 = Glass | first4 = LF. | title = Subepidermal blistering disorders: a clinical and histopathologic review. | journal = Semin Cutan Med Surg | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 10-8 | month = Mar | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15095911 }}</ref>
*Eosinophils - abundant.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
Image:Pemphigoid_gestationis_-_low_mag.jpg | PG - low mag. (WC)
Image:Pemphigoid_gestationis_-_high_mag.jpg | PG - high mag. (WC)
Image:Pemphigoid_gestationis_-_very_high_mag.jpg | PG - very high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
 
===IF===
*C3 linear pattern at DE junction - diagnostic.<ref name=pmid21877502>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Campbell | first1 = SM. | last2 = Balazs | first2 = K. | last3 = Conroy | first3 = M. | title = Pemphigoid gestationis: a case report and review of the literature. | journal = Cutis | volume = 88 | issue = 1 | pages = 21-6 | month = Jul | year = 2011 | doi =  | PMID = 21877502 }}</ref>
 
==Bullous Arthropod Assault==
[[File:30MR17 dp sl 1.png|Bullous arthropod assault]]
[[File:30MR17 dp sl 2.png|Bullous arthropod assault]]
[[File:30MR17 dp sl 3.png|Bullous arthropod assault]]<br>
Bullous arthropod assault. A. Beneath intraepidermal blistering lies superficial and deep inflammation with extension into fat. B. The vesicle shows spongiotic epidermis at base and multiple eosinophils. C. Eosinophils are prominent in dermal and adipose tissue inflammation.
 
=See also=
*[[Non-malignant skin disease]].
*[[Non-malignant skin disease]].
*[[Dermatopathology introduction]].
*[[Dermatopathology introduction]].
*[[Dermal cysts]].
*[[Dermal cysts]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Non-malignant skin disease]]
[[Category:Non-malignant skin disease]]
[[Category:Dermatopathology]]
[[Category:Dermatopathology]]

Latest revision as of 18:20, 31 March 2017

Bullous diseases are a subset of the large inflammatory skin diseases category. Dermatopathologists help diagnose it.

An introduction to skin pathology is in the dermatopathology article. An introduction to inflammatory skin lesions in the non-malignant skin disease article.

Bullous disease of the lung is dealt with in lung bullae.

Overview

DDx based on type

Subcorneal bullous disorders

DDx with acantholysis:[1]

DDx without acantholysis:DDx:[1]

Suprabasilar bullous disorders

DDx:[1]

Memory device - PhD + Grover = Pemphigus vulgaris, Hailey-Hailey, Darier, Grover.

Subepidermal bullous disorders

DDx:[1]

Others:

Mnemonic DELPHI:

  • Dermatitis herpetiformis.
  • Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
  • Bullous lupus erythematosis.
  • Pemphigoid, bullous.
  • Herpes gestationis (now called pemphigoid gestationis) - rare autoimmune bullous dermatosis of pregnancy, not related to HSV.[2]
  • Linear IgA disease.

Specific diseases

Pemphigus foliaceus

General

  • Autoimmune disease.[3]
    • Autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 only.

Note:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Subcorneal separation.
  • Acantholysis.
    • Separation of keratinocytes.

DDx:

IF

  • Desmoglein 1 - abnormal.

Bullous pemphigoid

General

  • Less serious than pemphigus vulgaris.

Epidemiology:

  • Old people (60-80 year olds).

Clinical:

  • Extreme pruritis.

Etiology:

  • Antibodies to BPAG2 (a hemidesmosome protein).[5]

Notes:

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Subepidermal blisters.
  • +/-Lymphocytes.
  • +/-Eosinophils.
  • +/-Neutrophils.

Notes:

Images:

DDx:

Pemphigus vulgaris

General

  • May lead to blindness.
  • Oral lesion is classically: first to show & last to go.
    • Oral lesions usually precede the skin lesions.

Classic presentation:

  • Mouth lesions.
  • Non-pruritic.

Treatment:

  • Prednisone then steroid sparing agent.

Epidemiology:

  • Associated with thymoma, myasthenia gravis, malignancy & D-penicillamine (used to Tx Wilson's disease).
  • Middle age.

Etiology:

  • Autoimmune disease.
    • Antibodies against: desmoglein 1 (DSG1)[9] and desmoglein 3 (DSG3).[4]

Microscopic

Features:[10]

  • Suprabasilar blistering.

DDx:

Images:

IF

  • Desmoglein 1 - abnormal.
  • Desmoglein 3 - abnormal.

Familial benign pemphigus

  • AKA Hailey-Hailey disease. Was described by two brothers - that's why it is Hailey-Hailey.[12]

General

  • Genetic - autosomal dominant with incomplete penetration.[12]
    • Desmosomal defect - due to mutation in the gene ATP2C1.[12]

Clinical:

  • Chest.
  • Intertriginous regions (only) - where skin rubs together, e.g. skin folds of the breast, axilla.
  • Typically presents individual in their 30s and 40s.[12]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Suprabasilar blistering.
  • Acanthosis (thick epidermis).

Notes:

  • Hair folicles spared.

DDx:

Dermatitis herpetiformis

General

Clinical:

  • Pruritis - intense.

Microscopic

Features:[13]

  • Subepidermal blistering.
  • Clusters of neurophils (microabscesses) - at tips of dermal papillae - key feature.
  • Basal cell injury (vacuolization).

Notes:

  • Immunofluorescence - IgA deposits at dermal papillae.

Images:

Porphyria cutanea tarda

General

Etiology:

  • Genetic, autosomal dominant.

Treatment:

  • D/C aggravating substances (see below) - phlebotomy, hydroxychloroquine if phlebotomy contraindicated.

Note:

  • Fits into a larger category of porphyria.

Associations

Medications/substances:

Non-infection chronic conditions:

Infections:

Gross

  • In photoexposed areas subjected to trauma.

Microscopic

Features:[15]

  • Subepidermal vesicles.
  • Thickening of superficial dermal blood vessels.

Images:

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

  • Abbreviated EBA

General

  • Autoimmune disease.
    • Antibodies to collagen type VII.[16]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Subepidermal bullae.

Epidermolysis bullosa

General

  • A group of inherited, bullous disorders.
  • Bullae form due to slight mechanical trauma.

Three major groupings:[17]

  1. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (intraepidermal disease).
  2. Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (separation at DE junction; specifically central portion (lamina lucida)).
  3. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (separation at DE junction; specifically deep to lamina densa).

Microscopic

Depends on subtype - either intraepidermal or subepidermal.

Grover disease

  • AKA transient acantholytic dermatosis.

General

  • Cause not known.
  • Associated with sun damaged skin, hospitalization and fever.[18]

Clinical:[19]

  • Pruritis (itchy).
  • Usually self-limited.
  • Treatment for symptoms.

Gross

  • Usually small ~ 50% less than 2 mm.[20]
  • Typically chest and back.[21]

Microscopic

Features:[22]

  • Subcorneal bullous disease.
  • Acanthosis.
  • Dyskeratosis.

DDx:[23]

  1. Pemphigus vulgaris.
  2. Darier disease.

Images

  • Grover disease - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Grover disease - high mag. (WC)

  • Grover disease - very high mag. (WC)

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis

  • Abbreviated AGEP.
  • AKA pustular drug eruption.

General

  • Drug reaction.

Clinical DDx:

Microscopic

Features:

  • Superficial dermis separates from underlying tissue. (???)

DDx:

Images:

Pemphigoid gestationis

  • AKA gestational pemphigoid.
  • Previously herpes gestationis.

General

  • Autoimmune condition in pregnancy.
    • Autoantibodies against XVII collagen.[24]
    • Fetus affected in ~5-10% of cases.[25]
  • Rare - est. 1/50,000 pregnancies.[26]

Treatment:

  • Corticosteroids.[27]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Subepidermal bullous disease.[28]
  • Eosinophils - abundant.

Images

  • PG - low mag. (WC)

  • PG - high mag. (WC)

  • PG - very high mag. (WC)

IF

  • C3 linear pattern at DE junction - diagnostic.[27]

Bullous Arthropod Assault

Bullous arthropod assault Bullous arthropod assault Bullous arthropod assault
Bullous arthropod assault. A. Beneath intraepidermal blistering lies superficial and deep inflammation with extension into fat. B. The vesicle shows spongiotic epidermis at base and multiple eosinophils. C. Eosinophils are prominent in dermal and adipose tissue inflammation.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Brinster NK (March 2008). "Dermatopathology for the surgical pathologist: a pattern based approach to the diagnosis of inflammatory skin disorders (part I)". Adv Anat Pathol 15 (2): 76–96. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e3181664e8d. PMID 18418089.
  2. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063499-overview. Accessed on: 23 September 2011.
  3. ↑ James, KA.; Culton, DA.; Diaz, LA. (Jul 2011). "Diagnosis and clinical features of pemphigus foliaceus.". Dermatol Clin 29 (3): 405-12, viii. doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.03.012. PMID 21605805.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 169615
  5. ↑ Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 607. ISBN 978-1416054542.
  6. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1195. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  7. ↑ URL: http://dermatology.cdlib.org/94/NYU/Feb2002/8.html. Accessed on: 20 March 2011.
  8. ↑ URL: http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/bullous_pemphigoid.html. Accessed on: 20 March 2011.
  9. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 125670
  10. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1193. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  11. ↑ URL: http://www.dermpedia.org/baby-dermpedia-for-beginners/pemphigus-vulgaris. Accessed on: 20 March 2011.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063224-overview. Accessed on: 9 September 2011.
  13. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1196. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  14. ↑ URL: http://dermatology.cdlib.org/94/NYU/Nov2001/9.html. Accessed on: 21 March 2011.
  15. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1197. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  16. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1063083-overview. Accessed on: 25 September 2011.
  17. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062939-overview. Accessed on: 25 September 2011.
  18. ↑ Quirk, CJ.; Heenan, PJ. (May 2004). "Grover's disease: 34 years on.". Australas J Dermatol 45 (2): 83-6; quiz 87-8. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.054_1.x. PMID 15068451.
  19. ↑ Hanson, M.; Hsu, S. (Aug 2006). "Pruritic papules on the chest and back. Grover's disease.". Am Fam Physician 74 (4): 641-2. PMID 16939188. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0815/p641.html.
  20. ↑ Fernández-Figueras, MT.; Puig, L.; Cannata, P.; Cuatrecases, M.; Quer, A.; Ferrándiz, C.; Ariza, A. (Aug 2010). "Grover disease: a reappraisal of histopathological diagnostic criteria in 120 cases.". Am J Dermatopathol 32 (6): 541-9. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181c80cf9. PMID 20526170.
  21. ↑ {{Ref APBR|344 Q2
  22. ↑ S. Sade. 8 September 2011.
  23. ↑ Davis, MD.; Dinneen, AM.; Landa, N.; Gibson, LE. (Mar 1999). "Grover's disease: clinicopathologic review of 72 cases.". Mayo Clin Proc 74 (3): 229-34. doi:10.4065/74.3.229. PMID 10089990.
  24. ↑ Intong, LR.; Murrell, DF. (Jul 2011). "Pemphigoid gestationis: pathogenesis and clinical features.". Dermatol Clin 29 (3): 447-52, ix. doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.03.002. PMID 21605810.
  25. ↑ Tunzi, M.; Gray, GR. (Jan 2007). "Common skin conditions during pregnancy.". Am Fam Physician 75 (2): 211-8. PMID 17263216.
  26. ↑ Bedocs, PM.; Kumar, V.; Mahon, MJ. (Feb 2009). "Pemphigoid gestationis: a rare case and review.". Arch Gynecol Obstet 279 (2): 235-8. doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0687-3. PMID 18506459.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Campbell, SM.; Balazs, K.; Conroy, M. (Jul 2011). "Pemphigoid gestationis: a case report and review of the literature.". Cutis 88 (1): 21-6. PMID 21877502.
  28. ↑ Kolanko, E.; Bickle, K.; Keehn, C.; Glass, LF. (Mar 2004). "Subepidermal blistering disorders: a clinical and histopathologic review.". Semin Cutan Med Surg 23 (1): 10-8. PMID 15095911.
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