Prostate gland - Revision history

Alessandro: added a word for clarity

2019-02-10T19:21:47Z

added a word for clarity

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 10 February 2019
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	Notes:		Notes:
	*Tufted epithelium is a strong indicator of benignancy; however two uncommon prostate cancer typically have tufted epithelium:		*Tufted epithelium is a strong indicator of benignancy; however two uncommon prostate cancer variants typically have tufted epithelium:
	**[[Pseudohyperplastic adenocarcinoma]].		**[[Pseudohyperplastic adenocarcinoma]].
	**[[Foamy gland carcinoma]].		**[[Foamy gland carcinoma]].

Michael at 20:40, 5 May 2016

2016-05-05T20:40:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:40, 5 May 2016
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	Normal prostate:		Normal prostate:
	*[[AMACR]] -ve (mark epithelial cells).		*[[AMACR]] -ve (mark epithelial cells).
	*CK5/6 +ve,<ref name=pmid19605815>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Trpkov \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Bartczak-McKay \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Yilmaz \| first3 = A. \| title = Usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens. \| journal = Am J Clin Pathol \| volume = 132 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 211-20; quiz 307 \| month = Aug \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1309/AJCPGFJP83IXZEUR \| PMID = 19605815 }}</ref> p63 +ve, HMWCK +ve (mark basal cells).		*[[CK5/6]] +ve,<ref name=pmid19605815>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Trpkov \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Bartczak-McKay \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Yilmaz \| first3 = A. \| title = Usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens. \| journal = Am J Clin Pathol \| volume = 132 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 211-20; quiz 307 \| month = Aug \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1309/AJCPGFJP83IXZEUR \| PMID = 19605815 }}</ref> p63 +ve, HMWCK +ve (mark basal cells).
	*PSA ([[prostate-specific antigen]]) +ve, PSAP ([[prostatic-specific acid phosphatase]]) +ve.		*PSA ([[prostate-specific antigen]]) +ve, PSAP ([[prostatic-specific acid phosphatase]]) +ve.

Michael at 02:10, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T02:10:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:10, 18 January 2016
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	*[[AMACR]] -ve (mark epithelial cells).		*[[AMACR]] -ve (mark epithelial cells).
	*CK5/6 +ve,<ref name=pmid19605815>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Trpkov \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Bartczak-McKay \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Yilmaz \| first3 = A. \| title = Usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens. \| journal = Am J Clin Pathol \| volume = 132 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 211-20; quiz 307 \| month = Aug \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1309/AJCPGFJP83IXZEUR \| PMID = 19605815 }}</ref> p63 +ve, HMWCK +ve (mark basal cells).		*CK5/6 +ve,<ref name=pmid19605815>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Trpkov \| first1 = K. \| last2 = Bartczak-McKay \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Yilmaz \| first3 = A. \| title = Usefulness of cytokeratin 5/6 and AMACR applied as double sequential immunostains for diagnostic assessment of problematic prostate specimens. \| journal = Am J Clin Pathol \| volume = 132 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 211-20; quiz 307 \| month = Aug \| year = 2009 \| doi = 10.1309/AJCPGFJP83IXZEUR \| PMID = 19605815 }}</ref> p63 +ve, HMWCK +ve (mark basal cells).
	*PSA (prostate-specific antigen) +ve, PSAP (prostatic-specific acid phosphatase) +ve.		*PSA ([[prostate-specific antigen]]) +ve, PSAP ([[prostatic-specific acid phosphatase]]) +ve.

	==Sign out==		==Sign out==

Michael: /* Histology */

2015-08-18T16:18:28Z

Histology

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 18 August 2015
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	**Second cell layer may be difficult to see (like in breast).		**Second cell layer may be difficult to see (like in breast).
	*Epithelium in glands is "folded" or "tufted".		*Epithelium in glands is "folded" or "tufted".
	**Very important - helps on differentiate from Gleason pattern 3.		**Very important - helps to differentiate from Gleason pattern 3.
	*Luminal epithelium often clear cytoplasm.		*Luminal epithelium often clear cytoplasm.
	*Single nucleus.		*Single nucleus.

Michael: /* Common diagnoses */

2015-06-08T21:39:11Z

Common diagnoses

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:39, 8 June 2015
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	==Common diagnoses==		==Common diagnoses==
	*Benign.		*Benign.
	**[[~~atrophy~~ of the prostate\|Atrophy]] - may resemble adenocarcinoma - typically not reported.		**[[Atrophy of the prostate\|Atrophy]] - may resemble adenocarcinoma - typically not reported.
	**Adenosis - may resemble adenocarcinoma - typically not reported.		**[[Adenosis of the prostate\|Adenosis]] - may resemble adenocarcinoma - typically not reported.
	*[[Prostate adenocarcinoma]].		*[[Prostate adenocarcinoma]].
	**Most common Grade is 3+3=6.
	*[[HGPIN]] (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) - prostate adenocarcinoma precursor lesion.		*[[HGPIN]] (high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia) - prostate adenocarcinoma precursor lesion.
	*[[ASAP]] (atypical small acinar proliferation) - used if you have a few abnormal appearing glands... but can't decide between prostate adenocarcinoma & benign.		*[[ASAP]] (atypical small acinar proliferation) - used if you have a few abnormal appearing glands... but can't decide between prostate adenocarcinoma & benign.

Michael: /* Specific conditions */ subdivide, add 'adenosis of the prostate'

2015-06-08T21:36:50Z

Specific conditions: subdivide, add 'adenosis of the prostate'

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 8 June 2015
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	*HIFU = ''High Intensity Focused Ultrasound'' - an ablation procedure for prostate cancer.<ref>URL: [http://www.internationalhifu.com/what-is-hifu-mainmenu-132.html http://www.internationalhifu.com/what-is-hifu-mainmenu-132.html]. Accessed on: 15 June 2010.</ref>		*HIFU = ''High Intensity Focused Ultrasound'' - an ablation procedure for prostate cancer.<ref>URL: [http://www.internationalhifu.com/what-is-hifu-mainmenu-132.html http://www.internationalhifu.com/what-is-hifu-mainmenu-132.html]. Accessed on: 15 June 2010.</ref>

	=~~Specific~~ conditions=		=Benign changes and remnants=
			==Adenosis of the prostate gland==
			*[[AKA]] ''atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate gland'' (or ''atypical adenomatous hyperplasia'').
			{{Main\|Adenosis of the prostate gland}}

			==Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate==
			{{Main\|Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate}}

			==Atrophy of the prostate==
			*[[AKA]] ''atrophy''.
			*[[AKA]] ''prostatic atrophy''.
			*[[AKA]] ''atrophy of the prostate gland''.
			{{Main\|Atrophy of the prostate gland}}

			==Mesonephric remnant of the prostate gland==
			{{Main\|Mesonephric remnant of the prostate gland}}

			=Benign conditions=
	==Prostatic nodular hyperplasia==		==Prostatic nodular hyperplasia==
	*[[AKA]] ''nodular hyperplasia of the prostate''.		*[[AKA]] ''nodular hyperplasia of the prostate''.
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	==Granulomatous prostatitis==		==Granulomatous prostatitis==
	{{Main\|Granulomatous prostatitis}}		{{Main\|Granulomatous prostatitis}}

	~~==Atrophy of the prostate==~~
	*[[AKA]] ''atrophy''.
	*[[AKA]] ''prostatic atrophy''.
	*[[AKA]] ''atrophy of the prostate gland''.
	~~{{Main\|Atrophy of the prostate gland}}~~

	==Prostatic infarct==		==Prostatic infarct==
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	*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/258565/enlarge Prostatic thrombosis (sciencephoto.com)].		*[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/258565/enlarge Prostatic thrombosis (sciencephoto.com)].

	==~~Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate==~~		=Preneoplastic changes and atypical changes=
	~~{{Main\|Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate}}~~

	==High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia==		==High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia==
	*Abbreviated as ''HGPIN''.		*Abbreviated as ''HGPIN''.
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	**''ASAP'' is preferred as it does not contain the word ''carcinoma'' and, thus, cannot be misread as ''carcinoma'', i.e. positive for malignancy.		**''ASAP'' is preferred as it does not contain the word ''carcinoma'' and, thus, cannot be misread as ''carcinoma'', i.e. positive for malignancy.
	{{Main\|Atypical small acinar proliferation}}		{{Main\|Atypical small acinar proliferation}}

	~~==Mesonephric remnant of the prostate gland==~~
	~~{{Main\|Mesonephric remnant of the prostate gland}}~~

	=Prostate cancer=		=Prostate cancer=

Michael: /* Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate */ split out

2015-05-15T02:17:48Z

Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate: split out

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:17, 15 May 2015
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	==Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate==		==Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate==
	*[[AKA]] ''[[basal cell hyperplasia]]''.		{{Main\|Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate}}
	~~===General===~~
	*Benign lesion that can be misdiagnosed as cancer.<ref name=pmid6195916>{{~~Cite journal \| last1 = Cleary \| first1 = KR.~~ \| ~~last2 = Choi \| first2 = HY. \| last3 = Ayala \| first3 = AG. \| title =~~ Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate~~. \| journal = Am J Clin Pathol \| volume = 80 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 850-4 \| month = Dec \| year = 1983 \| doi = \| PMID = 6195916 }}</ref>~~

	~~===Microscopic===~~
	~~Features:<ref>URL: [http://pathologyoutlines.com/prostate.html#bch http://pathologyoutlines.com/prostate.html#bch]. Accessed on: 28 June 2010.</ref>~~
	*Low power gland architecture near normal.<ref>URL: [http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n6/fig_tab/3880810f1.html http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n6/fig_tab/3880810f1.html]. Accessed on: 28 June 2010.</ref><ref>URL: [http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n6/fig_tab/3880810f2.html http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n6/fig_tab/3880810f2.html]. Accessed on: 28 June 2010.</ref>
	**Glands ''not'' as small as cancer.
	**Folds in gland lumina.
	*No nuclear hyperchromasia.
	*Two cell populations (as in normal prostate glands).
	*Basal cells may have nucleoli.

	~~DDx:~~
	*[[High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia]] - has nuclear hyperchromasia, architecture usually different (micropapillary, tufted, cribriform or flat).
	*[[Prostatic adenocarcinoma]].
	*[[Adenoid cystic/basal cell carcinoma of the prostate]] - for the adenoid cystic-like pattern of BCH.<ref name=pmid15371944>{{Cite journal \| last1 = McKenney \| first1 = JK. \| last2 = Amin \| first2 = MB. \| last3 = Srigley \| first3 = JR. \| last4 = Jimenez \| first4 = RE. \| last5 = Ro \| first5 = JY. \| last6 = Grignon \| first6 = DJ. \| last7 = Young \| first7 = RH. \| title = Basal cell proliferations of the prostate other than usual basal cell hyperplasia: a clinicopathologic study of 23 cases, including four carcinomas, with a proposed classification. \| journal = Am J Surg Pathol \| volume = 28 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 1289-98 \| month = Oct \| year = 2004 \| doi = \| PMID = 15371944 }}~~</ref>~~

	~~====Images====~~
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~Image: Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate -- high mag.jpg \| BCH - high mag. (WC)~~
	~~Image: Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate -- very high mag.jpg \| BCH - very high mag. (WC)~~
	~~</gallery>~~
	~~www:~~
	*[http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=18&n=1 Basal cell hyperplasia of the prostate (webpathology.com)].

	~~===Sign out===~~
	*Usually not reported.

	==High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia==		==High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia==

Michael: /* Clinical history */ fix

2015-05-13T23:45:23Z

Clinical history: fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:45, 13 May 2015
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	=Clinical history=		=Clinical history=
	{{Main\|~~Prostatic~~ specific antigen}}		{{Main\|Prostate specific antigen}}
	*[[PSA]] (serum).		*[[PSA]] (serum).
	** >10 ng/mL worrisome for prostate cancer.		** >10 ng/mL worrisome for prostate cancer.

Michael: /* Clinical history */ link to PSA

2015-05-13T23:44:59Z

Clinical history: link to PSA

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:44, 13 May 2015
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	=Clinical history=		=Clinical history=
	*PSA (serum).		{{Main\|Prostatic specific antigen}}
			*[[PSA]] (serum).
	** >10 ng/mL worrisome for prostate cancer.		** >10 ng/mL worrisome for prostate cancer.
	** Normal is age dependent - increases with age, usu. cut-off ~ 4 ng/mL.		** Normal is age dependent - increases with age, usu. cut-off ~ 4 ng/mL.

Michael: /* Specimens */

2015-02-25T06:03:53Z

Specimens

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:03, 25 February 2015
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	*[[Prostate chips]] (from a ''transurethral resection of the prostate'', abbreviated ''TURP'') - usu. done for [[nodular hyperplasia of the prostate gland]]; may be done in the context of obstructing cancer.		*[[Prostate chips]] (from a ''transurethral resection of the prostate'', abbreviated ''TURP'') - usu. done for [[nodular hyperplasia of the prostate gland]]; may be done in the context of obstructing cancer.
	*[[Radical prostatectomy]] - includes the [[seminal vesicles]].		*[[Radical prostatectomy]] - includes the [[seminal vesicles]].
	*Radical cystoprostatectomy - includes the [[urinary bladder]] and [[seminal vesicles]].<ref>URL: [http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=446218 http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=446218]. Accessed on: 23 February 2012.</ref>		*[[Radical cystoprostatectomy]] - includes the [[urinary bladder]] and [[seminal vesicles]].<ref>URL: [http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=446218 http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary?cdrid=446218]. Accessed on: 23 February 2012.</ref>

	=Approach=		=Approach=