Glioma - Revision history

Jensflorian: removed frequency because data is from pre-molecular era and does not reflect current changes.

2022-04-04T08:33:09Z

removed frequency because data is from pre-molecular era and does not reflect current changes.

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:33, 4 April 2022
Line 23:		Line 23:
	*Low-grade gliomas [CNS WHO grade 1-2] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[cancer\|benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and some diffuse gliomas may increase in grade over time and therefore calling these tumours benign is avoided.		*Low-grade gliomas [CNS WHO grade 1-2] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[cancer\|benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and some diffuse gliomas may increase in grade over time and therefore calling these tumours benign is avoided.
	*High-grade [CNS WHO grade 3-4] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.		*High-grade [CNS WHO grade 3-4] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.


	===By patient age group===		===By patient age group===
Line 41:		Line 40:
	** Posterior fossa ependymoma.		** Posterior fossa ependymoma.
	** Spinal ependymoma.		** Spinal ependymoma.


	* Some gliomas have a specific anatomic designation in their name, reflecting their predominant tumor location.		* Some gliomas have a specific anatomic designation in their name, reflecting their predominant tumor location.
			** [[Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant]].
			** [[Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered]].
			** Infant-type hemispheric glioma.


			===By Molecular profile===
			Some tumors can only diagnosed after a specific alteration has been confirmed.

			Examples are:
			* Astrocytoma, IDH-mutant.
			* Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q codeleted.
			* [[Diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3 G34-mutant]].
			* [[Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered]].
			* [[Diffuse astrocytoma, MYB- or MYBL-altered]].
			* CNS tumour with BCOR internal tandem duplication.

	==Table of common gliomas==		==Table of common gliomas==
Line 55:		Line 65:
	\|[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] \|\| yes \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| [[Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] \|\| yes \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| [[Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~Diffuse astrocytoma~~]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[File:Astrocytoma_whoII_HE.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Astrocytoma CNS WHO grade 2]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[File:Astrocytoma_whoII_HE.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~Anaplastic astrocytoma~~]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Astrocytoma CNS WHO grade 3]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Glioblastoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Glioblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Glioblastoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Glioblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
Line 63:		Line 73:
	\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:Ependymoma_H%26E.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Ependymoma CNS WHO grade 2]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:Ependymoma_H%26E.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[~~Anaplastic ependymoma~~]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| usu. yes \|\| rare \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:HE anaplastic epedymomas mitoses pleomorphism.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Ependymoma CNS WHO grade 3]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| usu. yes \|\| rare \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:HE anaplastic epedymomas mitoses pleomorphism.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|}		\|}
	Notes:		Notes:
	*''MVP'' = microvascular proliferation.		*''MVP'' = microvascular proliferation.
	*''EGBs'' = eosinophilic granular bodies.		*''EGBs'' = eosinophilic granular bodies.

	~~==Frequency==~~
	The relative frequency differs significantly between adults and children.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Ostrom \| first1 = QT. \| last2 = Gittleman \| first2 = H. \| last3 = Liao \| first3 = P. \| last4 = Rouse \| first4 = C. \| last5 = Chen \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dowling \| first6 = J. \| last7 = Wolinsky \| first7 = Y. \| last8 = Kruchko \| first8 = C. \| last9 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first9 = J. \| title = CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. \| journal = Neuro Oncol \| volume = 16 Suppl 4 \| issue = \| pages = iv1-63 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.1093/neuonc/nou223 \| PMID = 25304271 }}</ref>
	*Adults:
	** glioblastoma 55.2%
	** astrocytoma grade II 9%
	** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 6.1%
	** ependymoma 6.8%
	** oligodendroglioma grade II 5.9%
	** pilocytic astrocytoma 5.9%
	** anaplastic oligodendroglioma grade III 3.3%
	** not further specified 8.4%

	*Children:
	** pilocytic astrocytoma 33.8%
	** malignant glioma, NOS 25.7%
	** ependymoma 11.4%
	** astroyctoma grade II 11.1%
	** glioblastoma 6.3%
	** oligodendroglioma 3.9%
	** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 3.6%
	** not further specified 4.2%

	==See also==		==See also==

Jensflorian: Major update in CNS tumour taxonomy

2022-04-04T08:23:22Z

Major update in CNS tumour taxonomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:23, 4 April 2022
Line 4:		Line 4:
	==Classification==		==Classification==

	Gliomas are classified by cell type, by WHO grade, and by location.		Gliomas are classified by cell type, by CNS WHO grade, patient age and by location.

	===By type of cell===		===By type of cell===
	Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell with which they share histological features, but not necessarily from which they originate. The main types of gliomas are:		Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell with which they share histological features, but not necessarily from which they originate. The main types of gliomas are:

	* [[~~Astrocytoma]]s—[[astrocyte]]s ([[glioblastoma multiforme~~]] is a malignant astrocytoma and the most common primary brain tumor among adults).		* [[Glioblastoma]] is a malignant astrocytoma and the most common primary brain tumor among adults.
	* [[~~Oligodendroglioma~~]]s—[[~~oligodendrocyte~~]]s		* [[Astrocytoma]]s—[[astrocyte]]s.
	* [[~~Ependymoma~~]]~~s—ependymal cells~~		* [[Oligodendroglioma]]s—[[oligodendrocyte]]s.
	* ~~Mixed gliomas, such as~~ [[~~oligoastrocytoma~~]]~~s, contain~~ cells ~~with different morphologies~~		* [[Ependymoma]]s—ependymal cells.
	**Molecular analysis allows the tumor in most cases assigned to astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma.		* Glioneuronal and neuronal tumors.

	Note:		Note:
	Some authors consider [[choroid plexus]] as a specific type of glia, but [[choroid plexus tumors]] are usually not covered under the umberella term '''glioma'''.		Some authors consider [[choroid plexus]] as a specific type of glia, but [[choroid plexus tumors]] are usually not covered under the umberella term '''glioma'''.

	===By WHO grade===		===By CNS WHO grade===
	Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by [[pathology\|pathologic]] evaluation of the tumor.		Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by [[pathology\|pathologic]] evaluation of the tumor. Of numerous grading systems in use, the most common is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) grading system under which tumors are graded from 1 (least advanced disease—best prognosis) to 4 (most advanced disease—worst prognosis). Historically roman numerals were used for grading, but have been replaced by arabic numerals for grading within tumor types. Specific molecular features may influence tumor grading which is now a combination of histology and molecular neuroathology. Grading is based on expected biological behaviour, although proper treatment may heavily change prognosis.

	*Low-grade gliomas [WHO grade II] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[cancer\|benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and increase in grade over time ~~so should be classified as malignant~~.		*Low-grade gliomas [CNS WHO grade 1-2] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[cancer\|benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and some diffuse gliomas may increase in grade over time and therefore calling these tumours benign is avoided.
	*High-grade [WHO grade ~~III–IV~~] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.		*High-grade [CNS WHO grade 3-4] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.

	~~Of numerous grading systems in use, the most common is the [[World Health Organization]] (~~WHO~~) grading system for astrocytoma, under which tumors are graded from I (least advanced disease—best prognosis) to IV (most advanced disease—worst prognosis)~~.
			===By patient age group===
			The fifth CNS WHO edition recognizes following categories:
			* Adult-type diffuse gliomas.
			* Pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas.
			* Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas.
			* Circumscribed astrocytic gliomas.

	===By location===		===By location===
	~~Gliomas can be classified according to whether they are~~ above ~~or below a membrane~~ in the ~~brain called~~ the tentorium. The ~~tentorium separates~~ the ~~cerebru]~~ (~~above~~) ~~from~~ the ~~cerebellum (below)~~.		* A supratentorial tumour is above the tentorium, in the cerebrum, and mostly found in adults (70%).
			* An infratentorial tumour is below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, and mostly found in children (70%).
			* The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.

			* Anatomic separation is essential in ependymal tumors. They are classfied into three groups:
			** Supratentorial ependymoma.
			** Posterior fossa ependymoma.
			** Spinal ependymoma.


			* Some gliomas have a specific anatomic designation in their name, reflecting their predominant tumor location.



	*The supratentorial is above the tentorium, in the cerebrum, and mostly found in adults (70%).
	*The infratentorial is below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, and mostly found in children (70%).
	*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.

	==Table of common gliomas==		==Table of common gliomas==

Jensflorian: /* Table of common gliomas */ MVP split out

2016-05-20T08:07:35Z

Table of common gliomas: MVP split out

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 20 May 2016
Line 36:		Line 36:
	Histomorphologic comparison of common gliomas:		Histomorphologic comparison of common gliomas:
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|'''Entity''' \|\| '''Rosenthal <br>fibres / EGBs''' \|\|'''Nuclear atypia''' \|\|'''Mitoses''' \|\| '''Necrosis or MVP''' \|\| '''Infiltrative''' \|\| '''Image'''		\|'''Entity''' \|\| '''Rosenthal <br>fibres / EGBs''' \|\|'''Nuclear atypia''' \|\|'''Mitoses''' \|\| '''Necrosis''' \|\|'''MVP''' \|\| '''Infiltrative''' \|\| '''Image'''
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] \|\| yes \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| no \|\| [[Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] \|\| yes \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| [[Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Diffuse astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[File:Astrocytoma_whoII_HE.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Diffuse astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[File:Astrocytoma_whoII_HE.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Anaplastic astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Anaplastic astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Glioblastoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Glioblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Glioblastoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Glioblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:Ependymoma_H%26E.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:Ependymoma_H%26E.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Anaplastic ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| usu. yes \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:HE anaplastic epedymomas mitoses pleomorphism.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Anaplastic ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| usu. yes \|\| rare \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:HE anaplastic epedymomas mitoses pleomorphism.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|}		\|}
	Notes:		Notes:

Jensflorian: /* Table of common gliomas */ + ependymoma

2016-05-20T08:04:47Z

Table of common gliomas: + ependymoma

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:04, 20 May 2016
Line 48:		Line 48:
	\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:\|thumb\|150px]]		\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:Ependymoma_H%26E.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Anaplastic ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| usu. yes \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:HE anaplastic epedymomas mitoses pleomorphism.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
	\|}		\|}
	Notes:		Notes:
	*''MVP'' = microvascular proliferation.		*''MVP'' = microvascular proliferation.
	*''EGBs'' = eosinophilic granular bodies.		*''EGBs'' = eosinophilic granular bodies.


	==Frequency==		==Frequency==

Jensflorian: moved from neuropathology tumors

2016-05-20T07:17:30Z

moved from neuropathology tumors

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:17, 20 May 2016
Line 9:		Line 9:
	Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell with which they share histological features, but not necessarily from which they originate. The main types of gliomas are:		Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell with which they share histological features, but not necessarily from which they originate. The main types of gliomas are:

	* [[Ependymoma]]s—ependymal cells
	* [[Astrocytoma]]s—[[astrocyte]]s ([[glioblastoma multiforme]] is a malignant astrocytoma and the most common primary brain tumor among adults).		* [[Astrocytoma]]s—[[astrocyte]]s ([[glioblastoma multiforme]] is a malignant astrocytoma and the most common primary brain tumor among adults).
	* [[Oligodendroglioma]]s—[[oligodendrocyte]]s		* [[Oligodendroglioma]]s—[[oligodendrocyte]]s
	* Mixed gliomas, such as [[oligoastrocytoma]]s, contain cells ~~from~~ different ~~types of glia~~		* [[Ependymoma]]s—ependymal cells
			* Mixed gliomas, such as [[oligoastrocytoma]]s, contain cells with different morphologies
			**Molecular analysis allows the tumor in most cases assigned to astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma.

	Note:		Note:
Line 31:		Line 32:
	*The infratentorial is below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, and mostly found in children (70%).		*The infratentorial is below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, and mostly found in children (70%).
	*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.		*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.

			==Table of common gliomas==
			Histomorphologic comparison of common gliomas:
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|'''Entity''' \|\| '''Rosenthal <br>fibres / EGBs''' \|\|'''Nuclear atypia''' \|\|'''Mitoses''' \|\| '''Necrosis or MVP''' \|\| '''Infiltrative''' \|\| '''Image'''
			\|-
			\|[[Pilocytic astrocytoma]] \|\| yes \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| no \|\| [[Image:Rosenthal_HE_40x.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Diffuse astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[File:Astrocytoma_whoII_HE.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Anaplastic astrocytoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Anaplastic_astrocytoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Glioblastoma]] \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Glioblastoma_-_high_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Oligodendroglioma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| yes \|\| no \|\| yes \|\| [[Image:Oligodendroglioma1_low_mag.jpg\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|-
			\|[[Ependymoma]] \|\| no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| usu. no \|\| discrete \|\| [[Image:\|thumb\|150px]]
			\|}
			Notes:
			*''MVP'' = microvascular proliferation.
			*''EGBs'' = eosinophilic granular bodies.


	==Frequency==		==Frequency==
Line 38:		Line 61:
	** astrocytoma grade II 9%		** astrocytoma grade II 9%
	** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 6.1%		** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 6.1%
	** ~~ependymomas~~ 6.8%		** ependymoma 6.8%
	** ~~oligodendrogliomas~~ grade II 5.9%		** oligodendroglioma grade II 5.9%
	** pilocytic astrocytoma 5.9%		** pilocytic astrocytoma 5.9%
	** anaplastic ~~oligodendrogliomas~~ grade III ~~3.3%~~		** anaplastic oligodendroglioma grade III 3.3%
	** oligoastrocytomas 3.3%
	** not further specified 8.4%		** not further specified 8.4%


	*Children:		*Children:
	** pilocytic astrocytoma 33.8%		** pilocytic astrocytoma 33.8%
	** malignant glioma, NOS 25.7%		** malignant glioma, NOS 25.7%
	** ~~ependymomas~~ 11.4%		** ependymoma 11.4%
	** astroyctoma grade II 11.1%		** astroyctoma grade II 11.1%
	** glioblastoma 6.3%		** glioblastoma 6.3%
	** oligodendroglioma~~/oligoastrocytoma~~ 3.9%		** oligodendroglioma 3.9%
	** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 3.6%		** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 3.6%
	** not further specified 4.2%		** not further specified 4.2%

Jensflorian: typo fix, image added and see also

2015-06-18T09:07:55Z

typo fix, image added and see also

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:07, 18 June 2015
Line 1:		Line 1:
			[[Image:Glioblastoma_macro.jpg\|thumb\|right\| A [[glioblastoma]], the most common glioma. (WC/sbrandner)]]
	''Gliomas'' are the most compon primary tumor in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. They originate from [[glia]]l cells and their precursors.		''Gliomas'' are the most compon primary tumor in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. They originate from [[glia]]l cells and their precursors.

Line 16:		Line 17:
	Some authors consider [[choroid plexus]] as a specific type of glia, but [[choroid plexus tumors]] are usually not covered under the umberella term '''glioma'''.		Some authors consider [[choroid plexus]] as a specific type of glia, but [[choroid plexus tumors]] are usually not covered under the umberella term '''glioma'''.

	===By grade===		===By WHO grade===
	Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by [[pathology\|pathologic]] evaluation of the tumor.		Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by [[pathology\|pathologic]] evaluation of the tumor.

	*Low-grade gliomas [WHO grade II] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and increase in grade over time so should be classified as malignant.		*Low-grade gliomas [WHO grade II] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[cancer\|benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and increase in grade over time so should be classified as malignant.
	*High-grade [WHO grade III–IV] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.		*High-grade [WHO grade III–IV] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer\|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.

Line 31:		Line 32:
	*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.		*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.

	==~~Frquency~~==		==Frequency==
	The relative frequency differs significantly between adults and children.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Ostrom \| first1 = QT. \| last2 = Gittleman \| first2 = H. \| last3 = Liao \| first3 = P. \| last4 = Rouse \| first4 = C. \| last5 = Chen \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dowling \| first6 = J. \| last7 = Wolinsky \| first7 = Y. \| last8 = Kruchko \| first8 = C. \| last9 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first9 = J. \| title = CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. \| journal = Neuro Oncol \| volume = 16 Suppl 4 \| issue = \| pages = iv1-63 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.1093/neuonc/nou223 \| PMID = 25304271 }}</ref>		The relative frequency differs significantly between adults and children.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Ostrom \| first1 = QT. \| last2 = Gittleman \| first2 = H. \| last3 = Liao \| first3 = P. \| last4 = Rouse \| first4 = C. \| last5 = Chen \| first5 = Y. \| last6 = Dowling \| first6 = J. \| last7 = Wolinsky \| first7 = Y. \| last8 = Kruchko \| first8 = C. \| last9 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first9 = J. \| title = CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. \| journal = Neuro Oncol \| volume = 16 Suppl 4 \| issue = \| pages = iv1-63 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.1093/neuonc/nou223 \| PMID = 25304271 }}</ref>
	*Adults:		*Adults:
Line 55:		Line 56:
	** not further specified 4.2%		** not further specified 4.2%

			==See also==
			[[Neuropathology tumours]]

	{{references}}		{{references}}

	[[Category:Neuropathology]]		[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Jensflorian: Source: Partly fron en.wikipedia.org and modified accordingly + frequency update

2015-06-18T08:00:31Z

Source: Partly fron en.wikipedia.org and modified accordingly + frequency update

New page

''Gliomas'' are the most compon primary tumor in the [[brain]] and [[spinal cord]]. They originate from [[glia]]l cells and their precursors.

==Classification==

Gliomas are classified by cell type, by WHO grade, and by location.

===By type of cell===
Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell with which they share histological features, but not necessarily from which they originate. The main types of gliomas are:

* [[Ependymoma]]s—ependymal cells
* [[Astrocytoma]]s—[[astrocyte]]s ([[glioblastoma multiforme]] is a malignant astrocytoma and the most common primary brain tumor among adults).
* [[Oligodendroglioma]]s—[[oligodendrocyte]]s
* Mixed gliomas, such as [[oligoastrocytoma]]s, contain cells from different types of glia

Note:
Some authors consider [[choroid plexus]] as a specific type of glia, but [[choroid plexus tumors]] are usually not covered under the umberella term '''glioma'''.

===By grade===
Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by [[pathology|pathologic]] evaluation of the tumor.

*Low-grade gliomas [WHO grade II] are well-differentiated (not anaplastic); these tend to exhibit [[benign]] tendencies and portend a better prognosis for the patient. However, they have a uniform rate of recurrence and increase in grade over time so should be classified as malignant.
*High-grade [WHO grade III–IV] gliomas are undifferentiated or anaplastic; these are [[cancer|malignant]] and carry a worse prognosis.

Of numerous grading systems in use, the most common is the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) grading system for astrocytoma, under which tumors are graded from I (least advanced disease—best prognosis) to IV (most advanced disease—worst prognosis).

===By location===
Gliomas can be classified according to whether they are above or below a membrane in the brain called the tentorium. The tentorium separates the cerebru] (above) from the cerebellum (below).

*The supratentorial is above the tentorium, in the cerebrum, and mostly found in adults (70%).
*The infratentorial is below the tentorium, in the cerebellum, and mostly found in children (70%).
*The pontine is located in the pons of the brainstem. The brainstem has three parts (pons, midbrain, and medulla); the pons controls critical functions such as breathing, making surgery on these extremely dangerous.

==Frquency==
The relative frequency differs significantly between adults and children.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Ostrom | first1 = QT. | last2 = Gittleman | first2 = H. | last3 = Liao | first3 = P. | last4 = Rouse | first4 = C. | last5 = Chen | first5 = Y. | last6 = Dowling | first6 = J. | last7 = Wolinsky | first7 = Y. | last8 = Kruchko | first8 = C. | last9 = Barnholtz-Sloan | first9 = J. | title = CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007-2011. | journal = Neuro Oncol | volume = 16 Suppl 4 | issue = | pages = iv1-63 | month = Oct | year = 2014 | doi = 10.1093/neuonc/nou223 | PMID = 25304271 }}</ref>
*Adults:
** glioblastoma 55.2%
** astrocytoma grade II 9%
** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 6.1%
** ependymomas 6.8%
** oligodendrogliomas grade II 5.9%
** pilocytic astrocytoma 5.9%
** anaplastic oligodendrogliomas grade III 3.3%
** oligoastrocytomas 3.3%
** not further specified 8.4%

*Children:
** pilocytic astrocytoma 33.8%
** malignant glioma, NOS 25.7%
** ependymomas 11.4%
** astroyctoma grade II 11.1%
** glioblastoma 6.3%
** oligodendroglioma/oligoastrocytoma 3.9%
** anaplastic astrocytoma grade III 3.6%
** not further specified 4.2%

{{references}}

[[Category:Neuropathology]]