Brain metastasis - Revision history

Jensflorian: /* General */ Treatment

2024-04-26T11:04:29Z

General: Treatment

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 26 April 2024
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	*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>		*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>
	**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>		**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>
			*Treatment: Surgery 1-3 metastases, Stereotactic RT in 1-4(rarely up to 10) metastases, >4-10 metastases: Whole Brain RT.

	==Gross/Radiology==		==Gross/Radiology==

Jensflorian: BM

2024-04-26T11:02:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 26 April 2024
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	</gallery>		</gallery>

			==Origin==
			===Breast===
			*8-30% BM.
			*Triple-negative cases have a poor prognosis.
	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Neuropathology tumours]].		*[[Neuropathology tumours]].

Jensflorian: /* IHC */ +image

2015-10-08T13:49:08Z

IHC: +image

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 8 October 2015
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	Other glial markers (suggest primary):<ref name=pmid23717796/>		Other glial markers (suggest primary):<ref name=pmid23717796/>
	*OLIG2, SOX2.		*OLIG2, SOX2.

			<gallery>
			File:Immunhistochemie Bronchialkarzinom.jpg \| CK7+/CK20-/TTF1+ profile in pulmonary adenocarcinoma metastasis. (WC/Marvin101)
			</gallery>

	==See also==		==See also==

Jensflorian: /* Images */ image

2015-09-25T08:17:31Z

Images: image

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 25 September 2015
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	Image:Metastatic_adenocarcinoma_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg \| CRC metastasis to cerebellum - high mag. (WC)		Image:Metastatic_adenocarcinoma_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg \| CRC metastasis to cerebellum - high mag. (WC)
	Image:Brain metastasis - high mag.jpg \| Brain metastasis - high mag. (WC)		Image:Brain metastasis - high mag.jpg \| Brain metastasis - high mag. (WC)
			File:Adenocarcinoma infiltrating the brain.jpg \| Adenocarcinoma of the lung metastasis. (WC/jensflorian)
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Jensflorian: /* Gross/Radiology */ images

2015-09-25T08:16:29Z

Gross/Radiology: images

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 25 September 2015
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	Image:		Image:
	*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656562/figure/F1/ Brain metastases (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid23717796 >{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref>		*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3656562/figure/F1/ Brain metastases (nih.gov)].<ref name=pmid23717796 >{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref>

			<gallery>
			File:AFIP403613G-THYROID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA METASTATIC TO BRAIN.jpg \| Well demarcated metastasis (WC/Dr. Kostich)
			File:BrainMetastasisFromBreastCancer.jpg \| 3 brain metastases in breast cancer (WC/Jmarchn)
			</gallery>

	==Microscopic==		==Microscopic==

Jensflorian: /* General */ some facts

2015-09-25T08:13:10Z

General: some facts

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 25 September 2015
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	==General==		==General==
	*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>		*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>
			** Brain metastases are found in up to 25% cancer patients at autopsy. <ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Gavrilovic \| first1 = IT. \| last2 = Posner \| first2 = JB. \| title = Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. \| journal = J Neurooncol \| volume = 75 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 5-14 \| month = Oct \| year = 2005 \| doi = 10.1007/s11060-004-8093-6 \| PMID = 16215811 }}</ref>
			**Incidence of brain metastases increases with age.
			** 80% of brain metastases are located supratentorial, usu. at the border between white and grey matter.
			*In more than 50% there are multiple metastases in the brain.
	*Common primary sites (in order of prevalence): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>		*Common primary sites (in order of prevalence): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>
	*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>		*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>

Michael: /* Microscopic */

2014-11-09T05:41:00Z

Microscopic

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:41, 9 November 2014
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	Appearance varies by subtype.		Appearance varies by subtype.

	Features of metastatic carcinoma:		Features of [[metastatic carcinoma]]:
	*Tubule formation/glands.		*Tubule formation/glands.
	*Usually well-circumscribed/sharply demarcated from surrounding tissue.		*Usually well-circumscribed/sharply demarcated from surrounding tissue.

Michael at 05:40, 9 November 2014

2014-11-09T05:40:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:40, 9 November 2014
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	\| Tx = surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy		\| Tx = surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
	}}		}}
	'''Brain metastasis''', also '''metastatic brain tumour''', is a [[brain tumour]] that arose elsewhere and spread to the brain.		'''Brain metastasis''', also '''metastatic brain tumour''',<ref>URL: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000769.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000769.htm]. Accessed on: November 8, 2014.</ref> is a [[brain tumour]] that arose elsewhere and spread to the brain.

	==General==		==General==

Michael: touch

2014-11-09T05:34:00Z

touch

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:34, 9 November 2014
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	{{ Infobox diagnosis		{{ Infobox diagnosis
	\| Name = {{PAGENAME}}		\| Name = {{PAGENAME}}
	\| Image = Metastatic_adenocarcinoma_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg		\| Image = Metastatic_adenocarcinoma_-_cerebellum_-_high_mag.jpg
	\| Width =		\| Width =
	\| Caption = Metastatic adenocarcinoma, compatible with colorectal primary. [[HPS stain]].		\| Caption = Metastatic adenocarcinoma, compatible with colorectal primary. [[HPS stain]].

Michael: /* General */

2014-10-29T06:11:07Z

General

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 29 October 2014
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	==General==		==General==
	*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>		*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>
	*Common ~~metastases~~ (in order): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>		*Common primary sites (in order of prevalence): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>
	*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>		*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>
	**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>		**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:11, 29 October 2014
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	==General==		==General==
	*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>		*Most common brain tumour in adults.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Pekmezci \| first1 = M. \| last2 = Perry \| first2 = A. \| title = Neuropathology of brain metastases. \| journal = Surg Neurol Int \| volume = 4 \| issue = Suppl 4 \| pages = S245-55 \| month = \| year = 2013 \| doi = 10.4103/2152-7806.111302 \| PMID = 23717796 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Suki \| first1 = D. \| last2 = Khoury Abdulla \| first2 = R. \| last3 = Ding \| first3 = M. \| last4 = Khatua \| first4 = S. \| last5 = Sawaya \| first5 = R. \| title = Brain metastases in patients diagnosed with a solid primary cancer during childhood: experience from a single referral cancer center. \| journal = J Neurosurg Pediatr \| volume = 14 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 372-85 \| month = Oct \| year = 2014 \| doi = 10.3171/2014.7.PEDS13318 \| PMID = 25127097 }}</ref>
	*Common ~~metastases~~ (in order): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>		*Common primary sites (in order of prevalence): [[lung cancer\|lung]], [[invasive breast cancer\|breast]], [[renal cell carcinoma\|kidney]], [[Gastrointestinal pathology\|gastrointestinal]], [[melanoma]].<ref>{{Ref TN2007\|NS9}}</ref>
	*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>		*Percentage of previously diagnosed cancers with brain metastases - by primary site: lung cancer 19.9%, melanoma 6.9%, breast cancer 5.1%, renal cancer 6.5%, colorectal cancer 1.8%.<ref name=pmid15254054>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Barnholtz-Sloan \| first1 = JS. \| last2 = Sloan \| first2 = AE. \| last3 = Davis \| first3 = FG. \| last4 = Vigneau \| first4 = FD. \| last5 = Lai \| first5 = P. \| last6 = Sawaya \| first6 = RE. \| title = Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. \| journal = J Clin Oncol \| volume = 22 \| issue = 14 \| pages = 2865-72 \| month = Jul \| year = 2004 \| doi = 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.149 \| PMID = 15254054 }}</ref>
	**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>		**''Lung'' followed by ''kidney'' is the order in a smaller series.<ref>{{Cite journal \| last1 = Schouten \| first1 = LJ. \| last2 = Rutten \| first2 = J. \| last3 = Huveneers \| first3 = HA. \| last4 = Twijnstra \| first4 = A. \| title = Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. \| journal = Cancer \| volume = 94 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 2698-705 \| month = May \| year = 2002 \| doi = \| PMID = 12173339 }}</ref>